An insight into the emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii as an oro-dental pathogen and its drug resistance gene profile – An in silico approach

Abstract

BackgroundAcinetobacter baumannii, a potential nosocomial pathogen has stealthily gained entry into the oral cavity. Their association with other pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic and aggressive periodontitis cases is well documented. The magnitude of problem caused by A.baumannii could be attributed to resistance genes acquired by the organism. Since the microbiome of oral cavity is heterogeneous and complex, the transfer of genes from multidrug resistant A.baumannii may be a serious threat in infection control and management. In view of this fact, the present study aims to categorize and characterize drug resistant genes present in each of the 19 genomes of Acinetobacter Sp. selected for the study.MethodsAbout 19 genome sequences of Acinetobacter spp. with the predominance of different strains of A.baumannii was genotyped using in silico restriction digestion and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Further, the prevalence of common drug resistant genes in the genome of various Acinetobacter spp. was recorded using in silico PCR analysis.ResultsBased on the PFGE pattern, phylogenetic tree was constructed and the genomes were clustered into 6 genotypes. Genotype 4 (n = 8; 42.10%) and 5 (n = 6; 31.57%) were predominant, followed by genotypes 2 (n = 2; 10.52%), 1, 3 and 6 (n = 1; 5.26%). Three species were excluded from the list since they were negative for most of the drug resistant genes tested. Prevalence of drug resistant genes in each of the 16 genomes analysed found oxa-51, ISAba 1 and ADC 1 to be the major genes found in A.baumannii. Acinetobacter spp. belonging to genotypes 4 and 5 were found to harbour 6–10 and 2–8 potential drug resistant genes respectively.ConclusionThe present study showed cluster of multi-drug resistant genes in genomes analysed, thus, warranting the need for antibiotic surveillance, alternate therapeutic measures and development of novel antimicrobials. An extensive study on the genes conferring drug resistance in this pathogen will open new avenues for battling the entry and spread of this pathogen in vulnerable patient groups.

Climatic Changes and Its Effects on Human Health- A Review

“…The incidence of increased global temperature caused a reduction of mortality in tropical countries. Human beings are individuals who can adapt to various situations.Hence adapting to the climatic changes through effort is one of the accomplishments of human beings (Priyadharsini et al, 2018).The health sector have been made resilient enough to withstand climatic changes.It has created a disease control by strengthening human health by means of various vaccines and prophylactic measures. (Roser-Renouf, Maibach and Li, 2016) The limitations faced in the study include the facts being not circulated among the community.The current generation are very much interested in the global effects but the awareness about these changes are not circulated properly.Hence an entire population cannot gain awareness.…”

Aging and Immune System: An Overview

“…The innate immune response is the most phylogenetically conserved protection in the animal kingdom that allows the organism to efficiently defend against an impressive number of aggressive pathogens (Paramasivam, Vijayashree Priyadharsini and Raghunandhakumar, 2020). This compartment is meant to recognize and react to the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (external threats) and danger-associated molecular patterns (internal threats) by way of specific receptors that play a key role in the elimination of the aggressors (Priyadharsini et al, 2018a). It appears that inflamm-aging and immunosenescence progress in parallel and form a vicious cycle.…”

Cooperation in Controlling the Spread of Covid -19. A Community Level Survey

“…However, the implementation of the basic infection control protocols is possible only when people and employees are made aware of the introduced policies by giving them clear guidelines (Marickar, Geetha and Neelakantan, 2014). Awareness level and compliance of the educational and health care workers play an important role in the effective and timely prevention and control of a public health crisis (Priyadharsini et al, 2018;Girija et al, 2019). To formulate healthy policies, the multidisciplinary teams including key front line workers should be a part of the policy planning to ensure that these policies function effectively (Pratha, Ashwatha Pratha and Geetha, 2017) India is a country of vast socio-cultural diversity, health inequalities and economic disparity presented with challenges and threat by the growing pandemic of COVID 19(Vijayashree Priyadharsini, Smiline Girija and Paramasivam, 2018).…”

“…To formulate healthy policies, the multidisciplinary teams including key front line workers should be a part of the policy planning to ensure that these policies function effectively (Pratha, Ashwatha Pratha and Geetha, 2017) India is a country of vast socio-cultural diversity, health inequalities and economic disparity presented with challenges and threat by the growing pandemic of COVID 19(Vijayashree Priyadharsini, Smiline Girija and Paramasivam, 2018). Enforcement of immediate lockdown, which was priced by WHO as "tough and timely" and cluster containment to break the chain transmission, are effective approach (Priyadharsini et al, 2018;Girija et al, 2019;Paramasivam, Vijayashree Priyadharsini and Raghunandhakumar, 2020).one threat to the COVID 19 response in India is the ubiquitous spread of misinformation by raising falsehoods during the crisis is dangerous because it can mislead and confuse the public (Selvakumar and Np, 2017;Vaishali and Geetha, 2018). The important ways which can reduce the chance of being infected by COVID 19 are regularly and spotless hands with a (Vaishali and Geetha, 2015)alcohol-based hand rub, maintaining at least 1-meter distance from others, avoiding going to public places, staying home and self-isolating even with minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever and keeping an update on the latest information from trusted sources (Priyadharsini et al, 2018 The main aim of this survey is to understand the community-level cooperation in controlling the spread of the corona epidemic.…”