An instantly usable paper-based screen-printed solid-state KCl/Ag/AgCl reference electrode with long-term stability

Shitanda, Isao; Komoda, Masato; Hoshi, Yoshinao; Itagaki, Masayuki

doi:10.1039/c5an00617a

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Similar works that have demonstrated uid transpiration driven by capillary forces due to the use of porous paper based substrates have been discussed in Section 3. 182 The methods of exible RE fabrication discussed within this section ( Fig. 3f) are also useful for the efficient design of such paperbased sensors.…”

Section: Flexible Reference Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible potentiometric pH sensors for wearable systems

2020

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Section: Flexible Reference Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible potentiometric pH sensors for wearable systems

2020

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“…Shitanda et al in 2015 [74], reported a paper-based, screen-printed Ag/AgCl RE that featured a hydration time of less than a minute and a lifetime of up 75 hours. The RE was fabricated using a Ag/AgCl ink that was printed on one side of a water-repellent-treated paper substrate ( figure 7).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydration time of less than a minute, lifetime of up to 75 hours Impressively fast hydration time suitable for instant use such as laboratorian applications or instant sample analysis, very low cost Very short lifetime, unsuitable for any application requiring long term use [74] Substrate-Layer 1 Silver conductor-Layer 2 Silver/silver chloride-Layer 3 Photo-curable acrylic film containing immobilized sodium tetrakis [3,5bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (NaTFPB) and trimethylocthylammonium chloride (TOMA-Cl)-Layer 4…”

Section: Metallized Hole Pvc Membranementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of screen-printed silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes potentially suitable for environmental potentiometric sensors

Sophocleous

Atkinson

2017

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

142

106

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The screen-printed (SP), reference electrode (RE) has been shown to be a crucial element of potentiometric sensors but it is also the stumbling block for reliable and accurate SP sensors. The easiest, most common and most environmentally friendly, type of RE is the Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) RE. Unfortunately, until now the only reliable RE of this kind is the conventional, liquid or gel-filled type. However, for most environmental and soil applications the use of the conventional RE is not an option, which raises the demand for a robust, rugged and low-cost version to replace the conventional RE. This paper presents a review of the various attempts to produce reliable, SP, Ag/AgCl REs, and explain why almost all of them never reach the commercialisation stage. The paper provides an overview of the main challenges that need to be overcome, details of the electrode's construction, an analytical comparison of their performance in terms of chloride susceptibility, cross-sensitivity and lifetime, and their suitability in different applications depending on their performance characteristics. (Sophocleous M.) Conventional Ag/AgCl reference electrode Construction of the conventional Ag/AgCl reference electrodeThe most common type of silver-silver halide electrode is the Ag/AgCl due to the availability of silver chloride and the use of potassium chloride as the electrolyte. The electrode is constructed using a silver wire, electroplated with silver chloride and then immersed into a 3.5 M or saturated potassium chloride (KCl) solution. The electrolyte is generally contained in a glass tube having a porous glass frit at the tip to allow ion exchange at the liquid-liquid junction. The conventional silver/silver chloride reference electrode has a relatively simple construction. A typical construction of such an electrode is shown in Figure 1.

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“…[13] Among these, the Ag|AgCl-based REs are common and more attractive because of easy fabrication, stable electrode potential, and their nontoxicity. For this reason, Ag|AgCl-based thin [17,18] and thick film [19][20][21][22] REs have also been explored recently. [8,10,16] However, as discussed earlier, due to rigidity of glass, it is difficult to use GREs in emerging application such as wearables' systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8,10,16] However, as discussed earlier, due to rigidity of glass, it is difficult to use GREs in emerging application such as wearables' systems. For this reason, Ag|AgCl-based thin [17,18] and thick film [19][20][21][22] REs have also been explored recently. Although both these types of REs have been shown to have good potential for wearable and disposable devices, they still have several limitations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Flexible Printed Reference Electrodes for Electrochemical Applications

Manjakkal

Shakthivel

Dahiya

2018

Adv Materials Technologies

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conventional glass-based REs (GREs) in emerging wearable systems. Besides being nonflexible, the GREs are fragile, and it is difficult to miniaturize and integrate them for multisensor applications. [4][5][6] The periodic filling of liquid KCl electrolyte needed in GREs also limits their use in continuous monitoring of health and water quality. [7,8] These limitations of current REs, along with the huge potential of flexible and wearable systems, [5,9] are driving the research toward miniaturized and flexible/wearable REs. Currently, there is no commercial RE that could meet the requirements for flexible electrochemical studies.In terms of the state of the art, various types of REs (Figure 1) have been explored for electrochemical applications. These include standard hydrogen electrode and saturated calomel electrodes (Hg|Hg 2 Cl 2 ), [10] Ag|AgCl, [11,12] and Cu|CuSO 4 . [13] Among these, the Ag|AgCl-based REs are common and more attractive because of easy fabrication, stable electrode potential, and their nontoxicity. [10,14,15] Conventional REs are fabricated on glass using AgCl coated Ag metal wire in a saturated KCl or enriched Cl − ion solution. [8,10,16] However, as discussed earlier, due to rigidity of glass, it is difficult to use GREs in emerging application such as wearables' systems. For this reason, Ag|AgCl-based thin [17,18] and thick film [19][20][21][22] REs have also been explored recently. Although both these types of REs have been shown to have good potential for wearable and disposable devices, they still have several limitations. For example, being a quasi-RE (i.e., absence of KCl layer), the majority of thin film REs exhibit fluctuations in the open circuit potential (OCP) while reacting with Cl − ions. [20] The unstable potential due to the decomposition of AgCl layer over a period of time is detrimental to the long-term operation of thin film REs. The absence of KCl in thin film REs also increases the issue of cross-sensitivity [23] and for this reason thick film RE have been explored. The thick film REs use KCl paste or polymer-KCl composites over AgCl electrode,. [20,21] A common issue with thick films REs is their short lifetime due to rapid decay of KCl layer. [20,21,24] Further, the polymer-based KCl layer in these REs require long setting-up time (more than 2 h) prior to use. These issues have been overcome in the current work through development of flexible reference electrode (FRE) based on thick film Ag|AgCl|KCl.The thick film Ag|AgCl|KCl-based FRE reported here has been developed with screen printing technique, which is known as a cost-effective electrode fabrication method. [25,26] The performance of FRE has been evaluated through electrochemical This work presents screen-printed thick film reference electrodes (REs) on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The ion-conducting channel of presented screen-printed thick film Ag|AgCl|KCl electrodes are made from a composite of glass-KCl powder. With this new formulation the REs exhibit negligible variation in the potential (±4 mV)...

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An instantly usable paper-based screen-printed solid-state KCl/Ag/AgCl reference electrode with long-term stability

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

Flexible potentiometric pH sensors for wearable systems

Flexible potentiometric pH sensors for wearable systems

A review of screen-printed silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes potentially suitable for environmental potentiometric sensors

Flexible Printed Reference Electrodes for Electrochemical Applications

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