In order to improve the comprehensive learning quality of students when teaching university vocal music courses, teachers can create a teacher-student interactive teaching mode with a wide platform, precise business, and many approaches by carrying out interactive teaching. The research introduces the cuckoo algorithm for adaptive optimization on the basis of the traditional K-means algorithm, gives the clustering process of the adaptive K-means algorithm, and constructs an online interactive teaching system to realize the clustering of the characteristics of online interactive behavior of teachers and students. Finally, we use the speech in the vocal music classroom as an example to explore the online interactive teaching characteristics of vocal music. The traditional vocal music classroom is mainly a teacher-driven teaching mode. The frequency of teacher-student interaction is low, the proportion of students’ active questions to students’ active speech is 2.13%, and the teacher is less likely to organize students’ exchanges. In this teaching mode, the teacher encourages the acceptance of the proportion of speech is 16.17%, 75% of the classroom students use the online teaching system is higher than the teacher frequency, followed by the proportion of teachers using the online teaching system and the proportion of using the traditional teaching mode is close to 3:1, based on the online teaching system of the interactive teaching mode of the feedback effect is better.