“…The microwave-induced plasma (MIP) system consisted of a 500 W, 2.45 GHz microwave generator (Model 420B, Micro-Now, Skokie, IL, USA) and a copper Beenakker TM 010 cavity similar to that described by Haas et al 19 and Urh et al 20 The 12 L min 21 helium plasma gas ¯ow was directed through a tangential ¯ow, Te¯on insert-based quartz torch (9 mm id and 11 mm od) placed in the center of the cavity. The plasma was operated with a forward power of 350 to 450 W and minimal (#0 to 10 W) re¯ected power.…”