“…Therefore, TBM has been widely applied to construct tunnels for subways, railways, highways and hydro-power projects, etc. including projects in challenging conditions, such as urbanized environment and in adverse mining and geological conditions (Alber, 2008;Cho, Jeon, Yu, & Chan, 2010;Festa, Broere, & Bosch, 2012;Gong, Yin, Ma & Zhao, 2016).…”