“…While liquid, aerosolized or nebulized delivery of antibodies and nanobodies into the lungs is well established, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic (Leyva-Grado et al, 2015; Parray et al, 2021; Rong et al, 2020a; Rong et al, 2020b; Streblow et al, 2023), getting them into the intracellular compartment to function as intrabodies is a different matter altogether. However, great strides have been made in the use of mRNA-based platforms for delivery of pathogen and toxin-specific IgG and sdAbs into mucosal tissues, including the lung (Deal et al, 2023; Panova et al, 2023; Tai et al, 2023; Thran et al, 2017). At the same time, methods for optimizing intracellular V H H expression have been elucidated (Dingus et al, 2022).…”