An online platform and a dynamic database for neuropsychological assessment in Indonesia

Abstract

Proper use of neuropsychological tests in Indonesia is hindered by a lack of properly adapted neurocognitive tests as well as an absence of normative data. In 2016, we started adapting ten of these tests for use in Indonesia and collected data from healthy participants in Java. Here we introduce and propose a system that will facilitate the proper usage and interpretation of test scores: an online platform and a dynamic database. Newly collected data (492 healthy adults) of the Indonesian version of the Boston Naming Test (I-BNT) were used to illustrate the usefulness of the two functions. Analysis of variances, post-hoc tests, and a simulation study revealed the effects of age and education on the I-BNT, indicating that it is imperative to fine-tune the reference group based on these demographic factors. Putative inadequate sample size issues for obtaining reliable normative scores were overcome by employing regression analyses and the prediction of normative scores. It can be concluded that a flexible online platform is available for the calculation of normative scores either based on the whole population, on fine-tuned reference groups, or on predicted scores. The dynamic database's growth will allow to obtain even more fine-tuned and more reliable reference data as well as more accurate predictions. Fine-tuned reference data are badly needed for the heterogenous Indonesian population.

The role of daily spoken language on the performance of language tests: The Indonesian experience

“…The scores of the BNT are influenced by the level of education while age effects are predominantly found for people over 60 (Peña-Casanova et al, 2009). Similar results were obtained with the I-BNT (Wahyuningrum, van Luijtelaar, & Sulastri, 2021).…”

“…Three: Were there effects and what were the effect sizes of sex, age and education on the three language tests? Differences between the four (language usage in public) and three (language spoken at home) groups regarding their level of education (five levels), age (seven categories) as done previously (Wahyuningrum et al, 2021) and sex were analyzed with two ANOVAs with groups as between subject factor. This was done to establish if these demographic factors should be additionally included in the analyses of the group differences on the three language tests.…”

The Development of a Performance Validity Test (PVT) for Indonesia

“…Various neuropsychological tests have been developed and adapted in the last decade in Indonesia (Suwartono et al, 2014;Wahyuningrum et al, 2021). Unfortunately, it has not been accompanied yet by the development of PVTs.…”

The Indonesian Neuropsychological Test Battery (Intb): Psychometric Properties, Preliminary Normative Scores, the Underlying Cognitive Constructs, and the Effects of Age and Education

“…Four hundred and ninety participants were recruited from three different cities in Java (West Indonesia) to collect normative data and investigate the underlying cognitive factors in the data set. The data were collected in collaboration with two universities as consortium members (Wahyuningrum, van Luijtelaar, & Sulastri, 2021). Exclusion criteria were age less than 16 years and self-reported history of any developmental or acquired brain injury or brain-related diseases.…”

“…This consortium represents six areas from four islands in Indonesia and will expand in the future. Data storage and calculation of normative scores of the ten tests are accommodated in I-ANDI, a dynamic database, and an online platform (Wahyuningrum et al, 2021).…”