“…8 Second, in line with the engineering literature, we want to make sense of the distinction between (i) resources that 'passively' undergo manufacturing processes, e.g., planks of wood, (ii) resources that 'actively' act on the former, e.g., milling machines, and (iii) resources that result from manufacturing processes, e.g., products. Taking inspiration from IDEF0 9 and previous works [10,14], these correspond in our approach to input, mechanism, and output manufacturing resources, respectively. Differently from the agent vs non-agent dichotomy, the latter notions are not disjoint, since one object can act on itself, i.e., it can be input, mechanism, and output in the same process like a robot changing its configuration.…”