“…Various promising recognition methods based on the specific recognition of biomarkers have been developed, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, , surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical assays, polymerase chain reaction, surface plasmon resonance, electrophoresis, fluorescence methods, and colorimetric assays . Among these methods, fluorescence methods have received a great deal of attention in the fields of medical diagnostics, environmental detection, , and catalysis in recent years.…”