An Optimum Summer Weather Index

Davis, N. E.

doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1968.tb07379.x

Cited by 55 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Generalised schemes Several writers have portrayed climate for tourists in simple descriptive terms in preference to traditional taxonomic methods of portraying regional climates (Green 1967;Davis 1968;Murray 1972;Maunder 1972;Crowe et al 1973Crowe et al , 1977aFindlay 1973;Crowe 1976;Gates 1975a, b: Masterton et al 1976Masterton and McNichol 1981;Smith 1985). In some cases, as in the work of Paul (1972), standard thermal climatic indices such as the Thom discomfort index and the wind chill index have been included and, in the case of Green (1967), generalised quantitative summations of weather variables, arbitrarily weighted, have been employed.…”

Section: Integrated Versus Simple Assessments Of Tourism Climatesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

2003

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This work grew from initiatives of the International Society of Biometeorology's Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation (ISBCCTR). The ISBCCTR was formed during the 15th Congress of the ISB held in November 1999 in Sydney, Australia. The aim of ISBCCTR is to promote research in tourism climatology. The first formal meeting of the Commission took place at the Meliton Resort, Halkidiki, Greece, 5-10 October 2001. The aims were to (1) bring together a selection of scientists and tourism experts to review the current state of knowledge of tourism climatology and (2) explore areas and priorities for future work and the role of the Commission in this. The Workshop highlighted the fact that, although climate is widely recognised as vitally important to tourism, relatively little is known about its effects. Even less is known about the economic impact or significance of climate on commercial prospects for tourism. Important research themes that warrant attention were identified. Among these was the need for a tourism climate index (or indices) that integrates all facets of climate, uses standard data and is objectively tested and verified. Work is also required on developing a better understanding of what climate-related information is required by both tourists and the tourism industry, exploring the distinction between the impact of climate on tourists and the impact on the tourism industry, setting a standard approach to tourism climate assessment, assessing the role of weather forecasts and long-term expectations of climate on choices made by tourists, the risks to tourism caused by extreme atmospheric events, what climate-related criteria people use to make decisions about tourism and recreational choices, how products giving information about weather and climate are currently used by the recreation and tourism industry and what are the existing and future requirements for this climate information.

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Section: Integrated Versus Simple Assessments Of Tourism Climatesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

2003

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“…Log adult index (from the Butter¯y Monitoring Scheme) was used as the measure of adult abundance, as this has been shown, for a number of butter¯y species, to be well correlated with actual numbers present (Pollard and Yates 1993). As a measure of weather during oviposition, temperature, rainfall and hours of sunshine were integrated into a weather index (I ), as proposed by Davis (1968), so that I = 10 (daily mean temperature,°F) + 20 (daily mean sun, h) A7 (total rain, inches)…”

Section: The Number Of Eggs Laidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of larval food resources and adult movement in the population dynamics of the orange-tip butterfly ( Anthocharis cardamines )

Dempster¹

1997

Oecologia

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Numbers of the orange-tip butterfly were recorded on a permanent transect in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve between 1982 and 1993, together with numbers of its only larval food plant in the wood, Cardamine pratensis. Females of the butterfly lay their eggs on the newly opened flower heads of Cardamine and the larvae feed on the developing seed pods. They are extremely selective in their choice of plant for egg laying, choosing mainly large flower heads growing in open sunny locations. Larval survival is greatly reduced if the flower head is more than 8 days old at the time of egg laying, because the seed pods become too tough for feeding. Earlier studies showed that only one larva can survive on a flower head, because larvae are cannibalistic, but females tend to avoid plants carrying more than one egg, in response to an oviposition-deterring pheromone laid down at the time of egg laying. The numbers of flower heads of Cardamine fluctuate enormously between years, and the numbers of eggs follow these closely. There is a strong correlation between number of eggs laid and the availability of suitable flower heads, and this correlation was shown to be real and causal by the experimental provision of extra flower heads, which resulted in more eggs, laid over an extended period of oviposition. The main causes of mortality of the butterfly's young stages were egg infertility, cannibalism, predation, starvation, the grazing of flower heads by deer, and possibly the failure of the newly hatched larvae to feed adequately. Adult numbers were only weakly correlated with the numbers of young stages in the wood, and there appears to be a considerable amount of movement by the butterfly through the wood and surrounding farmland.

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“…Most of these studies are currently devoted to its influence on atmospheric diffusion and air pollution concentrations. Fewer have focused on human thermal exchange either directly or as part of a larger study (Davis 1968;Höppe and Seidl 1991;Krawczyk 1984;Terjung 1966Terjung , 1968Tuller 1995). Tuller (1995) suggested that the major thermal effects of the onshore wind are exerted through sensible heat flux density via the alteration of air temperature and wind speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Climatic controls of the cool human thermal sensation in a summertime onshore wind

Tuller

1997

International Journal of Biometeorology

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Afternoon observations in summer comparing shoreline with inland atmospheric conditions were made during onshore winds at Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The onshore wind came from a cool water surface. Mean monthly water temperatures near to shore were between 11 and 11.5 degrees C. The onshore wind brought lower air, ground surface radiant and sky radiant temperatures; lower humidity and greater wind speed. All of these combine to produce a cooler human environment at the shoreline than inland. The relative importance of climatic elements in producing the cooler environment was assessed using sensitivity analyses with eight different human thermal exchange models/indices. Air temperature and wind speed had the greatest effect, followed by ground surface radiant temperature, sky radiant temperature and humidity. Wind speed is the most practical element to consider when trying to maximize human comfort along the shoreline.

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An Optimum Summer Weather Index

Cited by 55 publications

References 10 publications

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

The role of larval food resources and adult movement in the population dynamics of the orange-tip butterfly ( Anthocharis cardamines )

Climatic controls of the cool human thermal sensation in a summertime onshore wind

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