An overview on monkeypox virus: Pathogenesis, transmission, host interaction and therapeutics

Rampogu, Shailima; Kim, Yong-Seong; Kim, Seon-Won; Lee, Keun Woo

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1076251

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…And in 75% of the confrmed cases, the palms, soles, and oral mucous membranes are afected. However, for genitalia and conjunctivae, it is 30% and 20%, respectively [82]. Mucosal lesions in the mouth emerge 1 to 2 days later, followed by skin lesions on the face and extremities (mainly the palms and soles), which are centrifugally condensed [14,[83][84][85][86][87][88][89].…”

Section: Pathobiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Araf,

Nipa,

Naher

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine International

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This review delves into the historical context, current epidemiological landscape, genomics, and pathobiology of monkeypox virus (MPXV). Furthermore, it elucidates the present vaccination status and strategies to curb the spread of monkeypox. Monkeypox, caused by the Orthopoxvirus known as MPXV, is a zoonotic ailment. MPXV can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face interactions. While many cases of monkeypox are self-limiting, vulnerable groups such as young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals may experience severe manifestations. Diagnosis predominantly relies on clinical presentations, complemented by laboratory techniques like RT-PCR. Although treatment is often not required, severe cases necessitate antiviral medications like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. Vaccination, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, has proven instrumental in outbreak control, exhibiting an efficacy of at least 85% against mpox as evidenced by data from Africa. Mitigating transmission requires measures like wearing surgical masks, adequately covering skin lesions, and avoiding handling wild animals.

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Section: Pathobiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Araf,

Nipa,

Naher

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine International

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show abstract

“…A notable article in 2008 examined MPXV gene transcript expression. This was examined in monocytes with MPXV gene transcripts observed including ribonucleotide reductase (C10L) and others [93]. Also described were an array of encoded RNA polymerases (G6R, E7R, and F4L), and DNA ligase enzymes (A50R) necessary for host cell propagation [93].…”

Section: Gene Transcripts and Proteins During Mpxv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was examined in monocytes with MPXV gene transcripts observed including ribonucleotide reductase (C10L) and others [93]. Also described were an array of encoded RNA polymerases (G6R, E7R, and F4L), and DNA ligase enzymes (A50R) necessary for host cell propagation [93]. Prior reviews suggest that D14L is missing in MPXV clade II as well as B10R and B14R which plausibly may affect lymphocyte apoptosis and MPXV virulence [94].…”

Section: Gene Transcripts and Proteins During Mpxv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Brown,

Fricke,

Imarogbe

et al. 2023

Explor Immunol

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Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2022, whilst severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains evolved, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections became more evident. MPXV is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXVs), vaccinia virus (VACV), and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being a causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. This review aims to present facts about MPXV-specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. MPXV was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards the eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to the propagation of MPXV causing monkeypox (mpox) disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular-initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Antiviral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and mpox disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorized treatment exists for mpox disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of mpox resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHVs), including Varicella zoster virus (VZV).

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“…Also described were an array of encoded RNA polymerases (G6R, E7R, F4L), and DNA ligase enzymes (A50R) necessary for host cell propagation [93]. Prior reviews suggest that D14L is missing in MPXV clade II as well as B10R and B14R which plausibly may affect lymphocyte apoptosis and MPXV virulence [94]. Considerable divergence in OPXV protein naming became more specific with the term monkeypox inhibitor of complement enzyme (MOPICE) being used to describe proteins encoded by the above gene transcripts.…”

Section: Gene Transcripts and Proteins During Monkeypox Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Brown,

Imarogbe,

Fricke

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the COVID—19 pandemic, an unexpected duality has occurred of SARS–CoV–2 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections. Monkeypox virus is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal to human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other Orthopoxviruses (OPXV) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXV), vaccinia virus (VACV) and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. The aim in this review is to present facts about MPXV specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. Monkeypox virus was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to propagation of MPXV causing MPOX disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Anti–viral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and MPOX disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorised treatment exists for MPOX disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of MPOX resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHV) including Varicella zoster (VZV).

show abstract

An overview on monkeypox virus: Pathogenesis, transmission, host interaction and therapeutics

Cited by 20 publications

References 112 publications

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

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