An Overview on Performance of Steel Slag in Highway Industry

Abstract

Transportation and highway industry are going to use sustainable and recycling materials to address the two global issues: environment and energy. One of the materials is steel-furnace slag, a sustainable waste material, which includes two types, i.e. compound aggregate brings out as a consequence of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) and Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF). Steel slag can replace the traditional aggregates because it has a feature that almost same to those traditional aggregates and it is easily secure as a by-product from the steel industry. The recent experimental researches in preliminary studies have demonstrated chemical, mechanical and physical and properties of the steel slag. California bearing ratio (CBR) value of steel slag is between 200 and 300%, whereas CBR of crushed aggregate is only from 80 to 100%. Furthermore, asphalt mixture using steel slag presents better mechanical characteristics than those of the corresponding asphalt with 100% natural aggregate. Combination of 30% steel slag and 70% natural aggregates in bitumen mixture shows excellent performance as surface course of roads. Hence, operation of steel slag in road construction reduces land fill, saves natural resources and improves the strength of pavement to sustain a heavier and higher volume of vehicles. The overall purposes of this review paper are collecting chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of steel slag for illustrating its performance, highlighting the previous studies on the use of steel slag in road construction and the effect of different percentage of steel slag upon pavement as a replacement for natural aggregates.

The Use of Steel Slags in Asphalt Pavements: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…Moreover, enhanced fatigue performance has also been demonstrated to belong to the slag inclusion in SMA. Similar results have been found by Aziz et al (2020) [37], Baldo (2010, 2011) [76,148], Arabani and Azarhoosh (2012) [143], Qazizadeh et al (2018) [207], and Groenniger and Wistuba (2017) [208] when testing very different materials, including EAFS and LFS. These findings seem to be ascribable to the rough surface and high angularity of steel slag, regardless of the utilized fraction.…”

“…Stiffness characteristics can also be investigated through an assessment of the rheological properties of mastics, analyzing the material responses at a lower scale [37,[177][178][179][180]. In this sense, Pasetto et al (2016) [181] evaluated the stiffness complex modulus of EAFS mastics and control mastics (limestone-based) with frequency sweep tests performed through a dynamic shear rheometer, recording increasing stiffness with the total replacement of limestone filler with slags, particularly in the presence of a warm chemical additive (probably because of enhanced bitumen-particle interactions).…”

“…In this sense, the rough texture, high angularity, and superior mechanical properties of steel slags suggest the partial or full substitution of natural aggregates in bituminous mixtures to improve their mechanical and functional properties [34,35]. The early studies concerning steel slag in asphalt mixtures date back to the beginning of the 1970s [36]; since then, studies have been conducted worldwide to characterize steel slag-based materials for both high traffic [37] and secondary roads [38]. In recent years, steel slag has been tested to assess its suitability with nonconventional materials such as foamed [39], polymer-modified (elastomeric or plastomeric), and additive-modified asphalt mixes (warm and cold) [40][41][42], thin bituminous overlays (LFS with porous asphalt) [43], or in combination with additional recycled materials as Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) [44,45] and Asphalt Rubber (AR) [46,47].…”

Ladle Furnace Slag: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

“…Asphalt is a type of hot bituminous mixture that forms on stone-on-stone contact. These materials are generally used in road pavements [107]. LF slag replaces Ca(OH) 2 -based fillers in asphalt mixes.…”

Çeli̇khane Cürufunun Türki̇ye’de Balastalti Malzemesi̇ Olarak Kullanilabi̇li̇rli̇ği̇ni̇n Ulusal Ve Uluslararasi Şartnameler Kapsaminda Değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇

“…"TCDD Sub-Balast Teknik Şartnamesi"nde; balastaltı malzemesi olarak kullanılacak agregaların çok ince kısmının kimyasal özellikleri için kriterler tanımlanmıştır. Bu kriterler, TCDD'nin, DOI: 10.34186/klujes.1184990 Geliş Tarihi:06.10.2022 Kabul Tarihi:02.11.2022 Çelikhane Cürufunun Türkiye'de Balastaltı Malzemesi Olarak Kullanılabilirliğinin Ulusal ve Uluslararası Şartnameler Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi 463Çelikhane cürufuna ilişkin yapılan uluslararası çalışmalarda; tamamen çelikhane cürufundan oluşan karışımların CBR değerlerinin %40 ila %300 arasında olduğu[52,53,54] belirtilmiştir.…”