AN UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR FOR A GAS GANGRENE CLOSTRIDIUM<sup>1</sup>

Ballentine, Robert; Tuck, Gwendolyn M.; Schneider, Lillian K.; Ryan, Francis J.

doi:10.1021/ja01239a512

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A wide variety of growth factors were tested in an attempt to duplicate the stimulation caused by tryptose. Among these were tested, individually and in combination, 19 amino acids, asparagine, guanine, adenine, xanthine, uracil, yeast nucleic acid, choline, glutathione, pyruvic acid, oleic acid, folic acid concentrate, vitamin B0 and BR conjugate, pimelic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, inositol, riboflavin, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, welchii factors (Ballentine et al, 1944), and iron.2 None of these substances increased the yield of bacteria on our medium.…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Glutamine itself is destroyed under the conditions of pH and temperature used in sterilization, whereas glutamic acid is a component of the basal medium. The effect of glutamine may be due to the existence of organisms independent of some contaminating heat-stable factor (Ballentine et al, 1947). Neither the genetic nor the chemical nature of these effects has been investigated.…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Growth of Clostridium septicum and Its Inhibition

1947

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Chemical relatives of essential metabolites have been found to be agents for the inhibition of the growth of bacteria, and some of these have been used in the therapy of bacterial infections (Welch, 1945; Roblin, 1946; Woolley, 1946a). In the course of studies on the chemotherapy of gas gangrene we have investigated the nutritional requirements of Clostridium septicum with the intention of testing the effect of chemical relatives of growth factors upon its growth. Bernheimer (1944) has shown that a strain of this organism requires, among other things, pantothenic acid for growth. We (Ryan et al., 1945) have shown that this requirement is due to an inability to synthesize the pantoyl moiety of the pantothenate molecule. The other portion of the molecule, 3-alanine, is normally synthesized and coupled with the added pantoyl moiety to form pantothenate. The present paper reports studies on the effect of chemical relatives of these precursors and of pantothenate upon the in vitro growth of two strains of C. septicum, one of which is able to synthesize all parts of the pantothenate molecule. EXPERIMENTAL The chemically defined basal medium which was finally selected for the growth of C. septicum is a modification of that proposed by Bernheimer, and directions for its composition are as follows: To 500 ml of distilled water add: 10 g glucose 20 g casamino acids 2.65 g monopotassium phosphate 7.14 g disodium phosphate 75 mg calcium chloride Treat the solution for 30 minutes at room temperature with 5 g of norite A and filter through hyflo. Add: 20 mg 1(-)tryptophane, dissolved in a small amount of water with heat 150 mg 1(-)cystine, dissolved in a small amount of water with hydrochloric acid and heat 20 mg glutamine 800 mg potassium bicarbonate 1 jug biotin, crystalline-free acid 1 mg thiamine hydrochloride This work was supported by a grant from the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation.

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Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

The Growth of Clostridium septicum and Its Inhibition

1947

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“…Both Logan (6) and Ballentine (15) have reported the existence of an unindentified growth factor which is essential for growth of CI. we2chii.…”

Section: Bacterial Growth and Toxin Production~another Property Of Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A crude preparation of the growth factor from yeast autolysate was made according to the directions of Ballentine (15). The addition to the test medium of enough of this factor to insure maximum bacterial growth increased the yield of toxin from 1 Lb per ml.…”

Section: Bacterial Growth and Toxin Production~another Property Of Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Involved in Production of Clostridium Welchii Alpha Toxin

Adams

Hendee

Pappenheimer

1947

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Various simplified media have been described in which Clostridiura welchii grows well but produces no alpha toxin (1-3). Macfarlane and Knight (4) showed that the addition of autolyzed muscle to a medium which is satisfactory for growth enhanced the production of alpha toxin. Rogers and Knight (5) presented evidence indicating that the effect of autolyzed muscle was in part due to glucosamine. Logan, TyteU, Danielson, and Griner (6) used a pancreatic digest of beef heart as a source of "toxin factor" and furthermore demonstrated the importance of dextrin as a source of carbohydrate in obtaining maximum fields of alpha toxin with certain strains of Cl. welchii. Adams and Hendee (7) used a pancreatic digest of casein for "toxin-promoting factor" and confirmed the finding of Logan et al. that dextrin was an important factor in obtaining high yields of toxin.In the course of the present investigation it has been found that for the production of maximum yields of Cl. welchii alpha toxin, at least two factors are required in addition to dextrin and the basic growth requirements. One of these factors is present in enzymatic digests of certain proteins such as casein and gelatin. The second factor is present in extracts of pancreas and gastric mucosa. Glycerylphosphorylcholine is responsible, at least in part, for the toxin-promoting activity of pancreas and gastric mucosa.

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