ANA Tutor: A Computer Program That Teaches the Antinuclear Antibody Test

Astion, Michael L.; Orkand, Adam R.; Olsen, Gregory B.; Pagliaro, L; Wener, Mark H.

doi:10.1093/labmed/24.6.341

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…A wet mount of the cells in 15 l of assay buffer was observed under a total magnification of 400ϫ on a Nikon Labophot-2 fluorescent microscope, which had a B-2A filter in place (excitation: 450 -490 nm; dichromatic beam splitter: 505 nm; barrier filter: 520 nm). The images were captured with a CCD camera 72S series that was interfaced to an 80486-based microcomputer through a video imaging board as described (28). Prior to printing, all images received a uniform contrast enhancement with Adobe Photoshop (version 4.0).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphatidylserine Receptors: Role of CD36 in Binding of Anionic Phospholipid Vesicles to Monocytic Cells

Tait¹,

Smith²

1999

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) has been implicated in the recognition and phagocytosis of senescent and apoptotic cells, and CD36 has been proposed as one receptor protein that recognizes PtdSer and other anionic phospholipids. We investigated the binding of phospholipid vesicles to the monocytic leukemia cell lines THP-1 and J774A.1 with a flow cytometric assay; vesicles contained 50 mol% PtdSer, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), or phosphatidylglycerol (PtdGro), with the balance being phosphatidylcholine. Specific, high affinity binding was observed for vesicles containing PtdSer, PtdIns, or PtdGro. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by control experiments with erythrocytes, which showed minimal vesicle binding, and with annexin V, which blocked the binding of PtdSer, PtdGro, and PtdIns vesicles to the THP-1 cells. However, O-phospho-L-serine (to 1 mM) had no effect on the binding of PtdSer vesicles, indicating that high affinity binding requires a surface containing multiple phosphoserine groups rather than a single molecule. A monoclonal antibody to CD36 blocked up to 60% of the specific binding of PtdSer vesicles but had minimal to no effect on the binding of PtdGro or PtdIns vesicles. This antibody also selectively inhibited the phagocytosis of PtdSer-containing vesicles as measured by fluorescence microscopy, indicating that CD36 is functionally significant for phagocytosis of this vesicle type. In addition, collagen and thrombospondin, two other putative ligands of CD36, were unable to inhibit the binding of PtdSer vesicles. We conclude that CD36 is the primary protein responsible for the high affinity binding of PtdSer vesicles to these monocyte-like cells. In addition, CD36 appears to be specific for PtdSer among anionic phospholipids, and nonphospholipid ligands of CD36 do not share binding sites with PtdSer on CD36.Phospholipids are distributed asymmetrically between the two faces of the plasma membrane (1-3). In particular, PtdSer 1 is nearly absent from the extracellular face of the plasma membrane in resting cells. Membrane phospholipid asymmetry is maintained by the aminophospholipid translocase, an ATPdependent enzyme that transports PtdSer and phosphatidylethanolamine from the outer face to the inner face of the plasma membrane. This protein was recently cloned and shown to be a member of a new family of ATP-dependent transporters (4). Under some circumstances disruption of membrane asymmetry results in PtdSer exposure at the outer face of the membrane. This is an essential part of the normal platelet procoagulant response, and increased PtdSer exposure may also be a signal for clearance of damaged or senescent cells. More recently, increased exposure of PtdSer has emerged as a key early event in cells undergoing apoptosis (5-9). Given the earlier work suggesting a role for PtdSer exposure in triggering phagocytic removal of cells, exposure of PtdSer may mark apoptotic cells for phagocytic removal, either by specialized phagocytic cells or by their healthy neighbors.There are several ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphatidylserine Receptors: Role of CD36 in Binding of Anionic Phospholipid Vesicles to Monocytic Cells

Tait¹,

Smith²

1999

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Teaching the Clinical Interpretation of Peripheral Blood Smears to a Second-Year Medical School Class Using the PeripheralBlood-Tutor Computer Program

et al. 1998

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The interpretation of peripheral blood smears has an important role in the diagnosis of hematologic diseases and is, therefore, part of the education of physicians and technologists. We describe a computer program, PeripheralBlood-Tutor (Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa), that teaches the morphologic features of normal and abnormal peripheral blood smears; we also describe the evaluation of the effectiveness of the program in 133 second-year medical students who were required to use the program in their hematology course. The version of the PeripheralBlood-Tutor used in the study had 2 distinct but equivalent 20-question examinations; one examination, the pretest, was taken before the students viewed the contents of the program, and the other examination, the posttest, was taken after completing the program. The mean score on the pretest was 61% (SD, 14%), the mean on the posttest was 91% (SD, 10%), and the improvement was significant. In addition, 4 questions about peripheral blood smears, which were based on printed images, were administered at the end of the hematology course. The students scored an average of 2.75 (SD, 0.86), and a positive correlation was found between these scores and the scores on the Tutor posttest. The results of the study suggest that PeripheralBlood-Tutor is feasible to implement, and it helps students learn to interpret peripheral blood smears. The use of PeripheralBlood-Tutor is now a requirement in the medical school curriculum, the medical technology program, and the pathology residency at the University of Washington, Seattle.

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Electrophoresis-tutor: an image-based personal computer program that teaches clinical interpretation of protein electrophoresis patterns of serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid

et al. 1995

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High-resolution protein electrophoresis of serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can aid in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, macroglobulinemia, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases. Electrophoresis-Tutor is a personal computer program based on approximately 150 digital images that teaches the clinical interpretation of agarose gel electrophoretic patterns. The program is divided into the following sections: introduction, CSF, serum, urine, review of disease states, program navigator, and final exam. The CSF section describes normal and abnormal CSF findings with emphasis on oligoclonal banding, as seen in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. The serum section emphasizes monoclonal gammopathy patterns but also has detailed descriptions of inflammation, liver disease, protein-losing disorders, genetic deficiencies, and other patterns. Monoclonal gammopathy is described in the context of specific associated clinical conditions (e.g., myeloma, amyloidosis). For each monoclonal gammopathy example, results of standard electrophoresis, densitometry, and immunofixation are presented. The review of disease states uses animation to illustrate the development and remission of a variety of pathological patterns. The program navigator allows the user to jump quickly to any place in the program. The optional exam contains 20 questions, and detailed feedback is given after each question. Electrophoresis-Tutor can be used as a stand-alone teaching tool, a companion to traditional instruction, or a reference source.

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ANA Tutor: A Computer Program That Teaches the Antinuclear Antibody Test

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Phosphatidylserine Receptors: Role of CD36 in Binding of Anionic Phospholipid Vesicles to Monocytic Cells

Phosphatidylserine Receptors: Role of CD36 in Binding of Anionic Phospholipid Vesicles to Monocytic Cells

Teaching the Clinical Interpretation of Peripheral Blood Smears to a Second-Year Medical School Class Using the PeripheralBlood-Tutor Computer Program

Electrophoresis-tutor: an image-based personal computer program that teaches clinical interpretation of protein electrophoresis patterns of serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid

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