Anabolic steroids in athelics: crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters.

Freed, David L. J.; Banks, A. J.; Longson, Donald; Burley, Denis

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5969.471

Cited by 124 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It should generally be emphasized th at comparison of results in literature is rather difficult because anabolic effects are influenced by a series of conditions, such as the studied species (2, 3), age (3,14), circulating synergistic hormones (7), muscles (3), androgen (19), dose (2,15,19,29), mode of adm inistration (17), duration of treatment (22,26), activity level (12,15), and diet (11). Indeed, these factors explain to a large extent the inconsistencies in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, anabolic androgens may not only act directly on the androgen receptors but also indirectly through inhibition of the catabolic and antianabolic action of endogeneus glucocorticoids (7,26). Anabolic agents also may further enhance the myotrophic effect of exercise (12), reduce fatigability, and lead to a faster recovery as experienced by athletes, being likely to relate to anabolic effects on the central nervous system (18). This is supported by our findings because nandrolone decanoate treatment did not change fatigue resistance of the diaphragm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of nandrolone decanoate on respiratory and peripheral muscles in male and female rats

Bisschop

Gayan‐Ramirez²,

Rollier³

et al. 1997

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Bisschop, Anja, G hislaine Gayan-Ramirez, Hélène Rollier, P. N. R ichard D ekhuijzen, René Dom, Vera de Bock, an d Marc D ecram er. Effects of nandrolone decano ate on respiratory and peripheral muscles in male and female rats. J . Appi. Physiol. 82(4): 1112-1118, 1997.-Thirty male and 18 female adult rats received weekly an intramuscular injection of either saline (control; C), 1.5 mg/kg (low-dose; LD) nandrolone decanoate or 7,5 mg/kg (high-dose; HD) nandro lone decanoate during 5 wk. Compared with respective C, growth rate was stunted in male HD rats from 2 wk of treatment on, whereas it was enhanced in female LD and HD rats after 1 wk. Mass of all muscles studied varied proportion ally to body weight, except for the gastrocnemius (males: 0.49 ± 0.04 vs. C: 0.52 ± 0.03%, not significant; females; 0.17 ± 0.01 vs. C: 0.15 ± 0.01%, P < 0.05). In vitro contractile and fatigue properties of the diaphragm remained un changed, except for a decrease in twitch kinetics (time to peak tension: C, 21 ± 2; LD, 19 ± 1; FID, 19 ± 2 ms, P < 0.05; half-relaxation time: C, 26 ± 5, LD, 25 ± 5, HD, 23 ± 3 ms, P < 0.01). Histochemistry of the diaphragm and the gastroc nemius revealed a significant increase in type Ilx/b dimen sions. In the gastrocnemius, type I fiber dimensions also increased. A pair-fed study, including another 24 female rats, showed that the changes in oral food intake only partly accounted for the observed anabolic effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nandrolone decanoate on respiratory and peripheral muscles in male and female rats

Bisschop

Gayan‐Ramirez²,

Rollier³

et al. 1997

Journal of Applied Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…En 1975, l'une des premieres 6tudes scientifiquement contr616e, crois6e, d6montra un 16ger mais significatif accroissement de la force chez les sujets prenant des doses cliniques de st6roTdes anabolisants compar6s aux t6moins [22]. I1 fut 6tabli en 1980 que de faibles doses de st6roides anabolisants produisaient un effet significatif sur la force musculaire seulement chez les athletes entraln~s qui s'exerqaient de fa~on r6guli~re et intensive, et qui maintenaient un apport 61ev6 en prot6ines [34,80].…”

Section: III Est-ce Que Les Steroides Anabo-lisants Marchent Dans Leunclassified

Actions et effets secondaires de l’abus de Stéroïdes Anabolisants dans le sport et la vie sociale

George

2003

Androl.

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“…In 1975 one of the first scientifically controlled, cross-over studies demonstrated a small but significant increase in strength in subjects taking clinical doses of AS compared to controls [22]. It was established in 1980, that low doses of anabolic steroids produce a significant effect on muscle strength only in trained athletes who exercise regularly and intensively and who maintain a high protein intake [34,80].…”

Section: Ill Do Anabolic Steroids Work In Sport ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anabolic steroids even in clinical doses, induce increases in liver enzyme levels [22,32] and at higher supra physiological levels, jaundice is a frequent side-effect [43], though these hepatic side-effects are usually reversible upon cessation of AS abuse [43]. The jaundice is of the intra-hepatic, cholestatic type 9 resulting from reduced flow and increased retention of bile in the bile capillaries of the hepatic lobules [69].…”

Section: Hepatic and Renal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse

George

2003

Androl.

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Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and a n d r o g e n i c (primary and s e c o n d a r y sexual) effects. Efforts to limit the androgenic while enhancing the anabolic effects have not been successful. Alterations to the structure of testosterone, so as to improve the pharmacokinetics of AS, have resulted in drugs, which are orally active, have a longer plasma half life and may be administered as depot injections. Therapeutic doses of AS produce statistically significant effects on strength and athletic performance in well-controlled scientific and clinical trials. At low, therapeutic doses, diet and an intensive training regime are equally important in producing a statistically significant increase in strength. Higher doses 6-7000mg per week are regularly administered in sport and produce the greatest increases in muscle strength erythropoiesis and lean body mass. Patterns of steroid abuse can be complex, reflecting a desire to minimise side effects, and avoid detection. AS side effects are of many types. AS increase salt and water retention leading to an expansion of the blood volume, but effects of steroids on blood pressure are equivocal and most cardiovascular side effects appear to be reversible.Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. Though these effects are reversible they are associated with an increased risk of both acute and c h r o n i c c a r d i o v a s c u l a r p a t h o l o g y . The m o s t serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas -mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. Hepatic carcinomas are strongly associated with abuse of the orally active 17alpha methyl substituted steroids, which also produce a reversible jaundice. In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. High, chronic doses of the drugs may also cause moderate to severe feminising effects in the form of gynaecomastia. Male secondary sexual characteristics are a side effect of AS abuse in women. Increased insulin resistance and elevated fasting blood glucose levels are the commonest non-gonadal endocrine side effects of AS.AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and d e p r e s s i o n has been r e p o r t e d . P h y s i c a l and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide. We need more studies on the long-term effects of AS. The implications of the past 50 years of AS abuse will be discussed in the review.

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Anabolic steroids in athelics: crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters.

Cited by 124 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of nandrolone decanoate on respiratory and peripheral muscles in male and female rats

Effects of nandrolone decanoate on respiratory and peripheral muscles in male and female rats

Actions et effets secondaires de l’abus de Stéroïdes Anabolisants dans le sport et la vie sociale

The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse

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