Analgesia after laparoscopic sterilisation. Effect of 2% lignocaine gel applied to Filshie clips

Reducing Postoperative Pain After Tubal Ligation With Rings or Clips

“…We rated four studies as low-, 11,18,23,25 eight as intermediate-, 16,17,[20][21][22]24,26,27 and eight as highrisk [8][9][10][12][13][14][15]19 of bias. Analyzed separately, the eight studies we considered to have a higher risk of bias had an effect size similar to the 12 studies that had a low to moderate risk of bias.…”

“…Seven studies 18,[20][21][22][23][24]26 reported results only as medians, and 13 [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]19,25,27 reported results as means. For the purposes of the meta-analysis, we included all studies (means and medians), but we also examined them separately.…”

“…Seventeen studies [8][9][10][11][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][24][25][26] reported results using visual analog scale (VAS), whereas three studies 12,23,27 used McGill. In brief, VAS quantifies pain intensity using a 10-cm line with ends anchored at 0 cm (no pain) and 10 cm (maximal pain).…”

“…We subsequently excluded one paper as a result of our inability to calculate a variance estimate, 7 leaving 20 papers for the analysis (Table 1). [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Only one author 10 provided useful additional information (regarding the timing of pain measurements).…”

“…We mapped pain scores from each study onto these six time points. When studies reported pain scores at an event rather than at a time, we assigned the pain score to the nearest time point as follows: arrival to the postanesthesia care unit: 30 minutes postextubation 14,18,25 ; discharge: 8 hours postextubation 11,14,[16][17][18][19]21,23,25,27 except where specified to be earlier 12 ; and postoperative day 1: 24 hours postextubation. 12,25,27 For studies that reported multiple pain scores, we used only the six that were closest to the times we defined and excluded additional pain scores.…”