Analysis for Soil Reinforcement with Bending Stiffness

2D Numerical Simulations of Soil Nail Walls

“…Schlosser (1991), based on his multicriteria theory in soil nailing and observations from the extensive experiments (such as national research project Clouterre) and other works related to soil nailed retaining structures in France over 10 years, stated that, at failure bending and shear resistances of grouted nails are mobilised, however, the influence of bending stiffness and shear on the global safety factor is small (less than 15%). Jewell and Pedley (1992) concluded that the effects of bending and shear resistances can be ignored in the design and analysis of soil nailing with marginal conservatism. In practice, ignoring the effects of shear and bending resistances of soil nails, soil nailing analysis and design has been radically simplified and this approach is commonly accepted (e.g.…”

Numerical study on the optimum layout of soil–nailed slopes

“…The failure envelope for Eq. (1) is frequently used to represent a limiting combination of forces for a single nail with circular cross section since no such simple equation exists for a circular nail [10]. Nevertheless, a limiting diamond failure envelope shown in Fig.…”

“…Nevertheless, a limiting diamond failure envelope shown in Fig. 3 is the common assumption in structural codes and is conservative for nails with any cross-sectional shape [10]. Thus, the failure envelope for a single nail is illustrated in the following equation:…”

“…Nails may develop tensile forces as well as shear forces if nails are oriented counterclockwise in relation to the normal of the slip surface. The additional shearing resistance (DS) provided by nails to resist against shear deformation in soil mass can be illustrated in the following equation [10]:…”

“…Contribution of nails to the additional shear resistance in soil mass is primarily governed by the mobilization of tensile forces in nails based on the mechanism of soil-nail interactions [8,10]. In addition, mobilization of axial forces in nails relies significantly on its orientation with respect to the slip surface.…”