2018
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23113
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Analysis of axial scanning range and magnification variation in wide‐field microscope for measurement using an electrically tunable lens

Abstract: Inserting an electrically tunable lens (ETL), such as liquid lens or tunable acoustic gradient lens, into a microscope can enable fast axial scanning, autofocusing, and extended depth of field.However, placing the ETL at different positions has different influences on image quality. Specially, in a wide-field microscope for measurement, the magnification has to be constant when introducing an ETL, otherwise it will affect measurement accuracy. To determine the best position of ETL, axial scanning range and mag… Show more

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Cited by 16 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…Configuration 3 has not been tested experimentally due to the requirement for a specifically customised setup; however, optical simulation has shown a 0.23% variation in magnification with an axial scanning range of 2.020 mm. Lastly, configuration 4 results in a 14.5% magnification difference across a 31 μm axial scanning range (Qu and Hu, 2019). These results indicate that the ETL should be positioned based on the specific biological investigation; here, the key factors to consider are the desired axial scanning range and whether a constant magnification is required.…”
Section: Challenges and Optimisation Of Etlsmentioning
confidence: 88%
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“…Configuration 3 has not been tested experimentally due to the requirement for a specifically customised setup; however, optical simulation has shown a 0.23% variation in magnification with an axial scanning range of 2.020 mm. Lastly, configuration 4 results in a 14.5% magnification difference across a 31 μm axial scanning range (Qu and Hu, 2019). These results indicate that the ETL should be positioned based on the specific biological investigation; here, the key factors to consider are the desired axial scanning range and whether a constant magnification is required.…”
Section: Challenges and Optimisation Of Etlsmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…This issue can be solved by positioning the combined ETL and offset lens assembly between two relay lenses at a conjugate of the back focal plane of the detection lens (Fahrbach et al, 2013). The conjugate of the back focal plane corresponds to the position where the image is formed within the optical path (Qu and Hu, 2019) similar to the position of the retina within the human eye. This successfully creates a telecentric configuration (i.e.…”
Section: Challenges and Optimisation Of Etlsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Many researches have proposed several techniques separately for optical zooming (Lin et al, 2011; Li et al, 2016; Iwai et al, 2019; Sanz et al, 2020) and to maintain the telecentricity while imaging axially with ETL (Matrecano et al, 2014; Qu & Hu, 2019). In their earlier work, authors have also presented a solution of maintaining a telecentric image plane by utilizing a variable numerical aperture controller with the objective (Barak et al, 2021 b ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Due to lightweight, low power consumption and fast response speed, liquid lenses have important applications in imaging 8 10 , display 11 , and communication 12 . Moreover, liquid lenses are wildly used in microscopy as focusing component for axial scanning 13 16 , increasing the depth-of-field 17 , 18 and autofocusing 19 , 20 . However, they cannot achieve continuous zoom change.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%