Analysis of battery current microcycles in autonomous renewable energy systems

Ruddell, A.; Dutton, A.G.; Wenzl, Heinz; Ropeter, C; Sauer, Dirk Uwe; Merten, J.; Orfanogiannis, C; Twidell, John; Vezin, P.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00457-3

Cited by 72 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, there is a mature experience about lead-acid batteries in the literature and in the market [6,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. Hence, this experience can give the designer of the charger an idea about the limits on voltage and also current ripples.…”

Section: Battery Charging Security and Charging Power Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation

Kisacikoglu¹,

Bedir²,

Ozpineci³

et al. 2012

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Executive SummaryMore battery powered electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will be introduced to the market in 2011 and beyond. Since these vehicles have large batteries that need to be charged from an external power source or directly from the grid, their batteries, charging circuits, charging stations/infrastructures, and grid interconnection issues are garnering more attention. This report summarizes information regarding the batteries used in PHEVs, different types of chargers, charging standards and circuits, and compares different topologies. Furthermore, it includes a list of vehicles that are going to be in the market soon with information on their charging and energy storage equipment. A summary of different standards governing charging circuits and charging stations concludes the report.There are several battery types that are available for PHEVs; however, the most popular ones have nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) chemistries. The former one is being used in current hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), but the latter will be used in most of the PHEVs and EVs due to higher energy densities and higher efficiencies. The chargers can be classified based on the circuit topologies (dedicated or integrated), location of the charger (either on or off the vehicle), connection (conductive, inductive/wireless, and mechanical), electrical waveform (direct current (dc) or alternating current (ac)), and the direction of power flow (unidirectional or bidirectional). The first PHEVs typically will have dedicated, on-board, unidirectional chargers that will have conductive connections to the charging stations or wall outlets and will be charged using either dc or ac. In the near future, bidirectional chargers might also be used in these vehicles once the benefits of practical vehicle to grid applications are realized.The terms charger and charging station cause terminology confusion. To prevent misunderstandings, a more descriptive term of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) is used instead of charging station. The charger is the power conversion equipment that connects the battery to the grid or another power source, while EVSE refers to external ii equipment between the grid or other power source and the vehicle. EVSE might include conductors, connectors, attachment plugs, microprocessors, energy measurement devices, transformers, etc. Presently, there are more than 40 companies that are producing EVSEs.There are several standards and codes regarding conductive and inductive chargers and EVSEs from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the Underwriter Laboratories (UL), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the National Electric Code (NEC). The two main standards from SAE describe the requirements for conductive and inductive coupled chargers and the charging levels. For inductive coupled charging, three levels are specified: Level 1 (120 V and 12 A, single-phase), Level 2 (208 V-240 V and 32 A, single-phase), and Level 3 (208-600 V and ...

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Section: Battery Charging Security and Charging Power Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• C causes half of the lifetime of the battery to vanish [40,42], 2) each degree C rise in battery temperature can decrease calendar life by around 10% [6], 3) maximum allowable temperature increase should be around 3-5…”

Section: Battery Charging Security and Charging Power Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation

Kisacikoglu¹,

Bedir²,

Ozpineci³

et al. 2012

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“…An appropriate battery (e.g. PbA) storage system [21,22] with total capacity ''Q max '', operation voltage ''U b '' and maximum depth of discharge ''DOD L '', or equivalently minimum permitted capacity level for long service life equal to ''Q min ''. iv.…”

Section: Main Components Of the Pv-bat Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum autonomous photovoltaic solution for the Greek islands on the basisof energy pay-back analysis

Kaldellis

Σιμωτάς

Zafirakis

et al. 2009

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…That explains why a part of the DC current cycle reaches negative values in Figure 9(b), thus leading to a kind of charge-discharge battery 'micro-cycling'. Several authors have addressed the impact of these 'micro-cycles' over the battery lifetime, 26,27 but definitive conclusions on this issue can still not be drawn. Finally, depending on the upward inverter impedance (internal impedance of battery, resistance of conductors between battery and inverter, fuses, etc.…”

Section: Ripplementioning

confidence: 99%

On the specification and testing of inverters for stand-alone PV systems

Muñoz

Lorenzo

2005

Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl.

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Inverter features are reviewed from a PV systems perspective, with a view to contributing to possible codes, procurement specifications and testing procedures, in order to assure the technical quality of these systems. A laboratory testing campaign has been carried out on a representative set of 16 currently available inverters and a set of the most common AC appliances. The results of the tests are discussed with the aim of divulging the particular features of operating AC appliances in PV systems and the provisions to be taken into account in PV system design. The development of testing procedures has followed the motto 'keep it as simple as possible', in order to make their application easier in conventional laboratories in developing countries.

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Analysis of battery current microcycles in autonomous renewable energy systems

Cited by 72 publications

References 10 publications

PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation

PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation

Optimum autonomous photovoltaic solution for the Greek islands on the basisof energy pay-back analysis

On the specification and testing of inverters for stand-alone PV systems

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