Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Kaempferia galanga rhizome collected from different regions of East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Kaempferia galanga, also known as kencur in Indonesia, is a medical plant that is traditionally used in various human diseases therapy. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) is an essential bioactive compound in kencur that plays a role in the management of diseases. Kencur is widely spread in East Java. Thus this study aims to identify and analyze the bioactive compounds in kencur rhizome from a different region in East Java. This study was conducted from June 2020 until November 2020. The samples were collected from 12 regencies in East Java, including Banyuwangi, Blitar, Gresik, Kediri, Lumajang, Madura, Malang, Mojokerto, Nganjuk, Pacitan, Ponorogo, and Trenggalek. A sample from Wonogiri (Central Java) was used as a comparison because its cultivation procedure has been standardized. The altitude of sample accessions location was 15-995 masl (m above sea levels) with the rain intensity of 500-2000 mm3. Based on soil analysis, Banyuwangi had good soil characteristics with high total nitrogen, available P2O5, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic carbon. The bioactive compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that all the samples contain three major compounds: EPMC, pentadecane, and (Z)-ethyl cinnamate. The highest content of EPMC was obtained in Wonogiri (79.8%), followed by Malang (78.28%), Blitar (77.23%), and Trenggalek (73.33%). It can be concluded that the kencur samples from Malang, Blitar, and Trenggalek have a high content of EPMC, thus could become the source of kencur used in further medicinal research.

The industrially important genus Kaempferia: An ethnopharmacological review

“…Diterpenoids, notably isopimarane derivatives, were the most commonly reported compounds from this genus (Chawengrum et al, 2018). It was reported that the freeze-dried ethanolic extract of KG's rhizome contained significant levels of the active substances ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate (Umar et al, 2014;Adianingsih et al, 2021;Nonglang et al, 2022). Terpene, diterpene, esters, flavanones, polysaccharides, polythiourea derivatives, phenolic acids, glycosides, phenolic diarylheptanoids, Kaempferol, cystargamide B, 3-caren-5-one, xylose, and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate are just a few of the 49 phytochemicals that have been found and reported from the KG (Kumar, 2020).…”

Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Kaempferia Galanga L. Rhizome

“…Ethyl pmethoxycinnamate has been reported to have many biological activities such as anti-cancer, antimonoamine oxidase activities, anti-inflammation, hypo pigmentary effect, anti-angiogenesis and antituberculosis effect (Zheng et al, 1993: Lakshmanan et al, 2011Gunasekaran et al, 2019;Ko et al, 2014). Other reports indicated the main component present in K. galanga to be ethyl cinnamate, ethyl pmethoxycinnamate, trans-ethyl cinnamate, methyl cinnamate and ethyl-trans-p-methoxycinnamate (Adianingsih et al, 2021;AlSalhi et al 2020).…”

Optimization Growth, Yield and Secondary Metabolites Quality of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) with Various Levels of Shade and Sulfur Fertilizer

“…Figure 3 shows the relationship between the dose of sulfur fertilizer and the EPMC content of kencur rhizome of Banyuwangi accession at 25% shade with R 2 of 0.99 and at 25% shade with R 2 of 0.98. Adianingsih et al 29 also conducted research on bioactive content in rhizome organs in 12 kencur accessions in East Java, and the main focus of this study was testing kencur for EPMC content. EPMC compounds are often used as research materials because they have benefits as one of the basic ingredients of cosmetics preparations, such as sunscreen.…”

“…Altitude also influences the environmental factors affecting plant growth, especially temperature and light intensity. 3 Light intensity according to the plant species' needs can be classified into minimum, optimum and maximum. 4 The use of shade is suitable to reduce the stress of high light intensity.…”