Analysis of Changes in the Amount of Phytosterols after the Bleaching Process of Hemp Oils

Kwaśnica, Andrzej; Teleszko, Mirosława; Marcinkowski, Damian; Kmiecik, Dominik; Grygier, Anna; Golimowski, Wojciech

doi:10.3390/molecules27217196

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…This is an interesting observation given the results of our previous experiment, in which the effects of the same bleaching earth on the phytosterol profile of hemp oil were analyzed. Indeed, diatomaceous earth P7 showed the strongest adsorption properties towards phytosterols [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of oil refining, sterols, tocopherols and valuable nutrients are removed [ 34 , 35 ]. Kwaśnica et al, in a previous article, presented the lack of a significant effect of the bleaching process on the phytosterol profile of unrefined oils [ 36 ]. Niche oils are mechanically extracted oils and are not refined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the technological aspects, the bleaching process is the least complicated from among the refining processes, but it has some disadvantages. During the bleaching process, there is a loss of up to 2% of the oil by weight [ 36 ]. Methods of extracting oil from bleaching earth using solvents are known [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of acid-activated BE in refining edible oils results in the formation of steradians (SD) from sterols via a catalyzed dehydration reaction [ 47 , 48 ]. This problem was discussed in more detail in our previous publication [ 36 ]. However, while changes in the content and molecular structure of phytosterols during the production of partially or fully refined oils are fairly well described and recognized, insufficient knowledge exists of the effects of refining on the fatty acid profile of these products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kwaśnica at al. analyzed changes in the phytosterol profile [ 36 ]. In the work presented here, the effect of the low-temperature bleaching process on the change in the fatty acid profile of hemp oils was studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Bleaching Process on Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Raw Hemp Seed Oil (Cannabis sativa)

et al. 2023

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Many refined oils from soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower, among others, are available on the food market, except olive oil. Refining, on the small production scale of niche oils, is not used due to the high cost of the refining process. Unrefined oils are characterized by intense taste, odor, color, and undesirable nutrients. The problem to be solved is determining the effects of incomplete refining of niche oils on their composition. One process, which does not require the use of complex apparatus, is the bleaching process. The results presented in this article relate to the research stage, in which the aim is to evaluate the changes occurring in the oil due to the low-temperature bleaching process with different process parameters. The presented research results provide evidence of the absence of adverse changes in the fatty acid profile of hemp oil of the varieties ‘Finola’, ‘Earlina 8FC’, and ‘Secuieni Jubileu’. Seven different types of bleaching earth were used to bleach the oil in amounts of 2.5 and 5 g/100 g of vegetable oil. The fatty acid profile was obtained by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The obtained chromatograms were subjected to statistical analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The results show that there was no effect of the type of bleaching earth and its amount on the change in the fatty acid profile of bleached oils. Only real differences between the types of hemp oils were observed. However, an overall positive effect of the bleaching process on hemp oil was found. The amount of saturated fatty acid (SFA) was reduced by 17.1% compared with the initial value, resulting in an increase in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by 4.4%, resulting in an unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) proportion of 90%. There was a significant improvement in the SFA/PUFA ratio by 26% over the baseline, and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio by 8.9% to a value of 3.1:1. The new knowledge from this study is evidence of the positive effect of the low-temperature bleaching process on the fatty acid profile. In contrast, the parameters of the bleaching process itself are not significant.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effect of the Bleaching Process on Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Raw Hemp Seed Oil (Cannabis sativa)

et al. 2023

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Composition and oxidative stability of silflower (Silphium integrifolium) seed oil and its potential as a new source of squalene

Hwang,

Liu,

Winkler‐Moser

et al. 2024

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Silphium integrifolium Michx. (silflower), a perennial plant, is of great interest as a potential new oilseed crop due to its long, strong, deep, extensive root systems, which can prevent erosion, capture dissolved nitrogen, and out‐compete weeds eliminating the need for frequent irrigation and herbicide uses. In this study, oil was extracted from unhulled silflower seeds, and its composition and oxidative stability were evaluated. The oil content in unhulled silflower seeds was 15.2% (wt/wt), and its fatty acid composition was similar to that of sunflower oil. The level of total polar compounds (TPC) in the oil was 12.3% (wt/wt), and the content of total phenolics was 1.12 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g oil. Noteworthily, 4.89% squalene was isolated from silflower oil indicating its potential application as an alternative source of squalene. Silflower oil had lower oxidative stability as indicated by the oxidative stability index (OSI) at 110°C and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), presumably due to its high level of chlorophyll (1002.8 mg/kg). Even after a typical refining process involving degumming, alkali refining, and bleaching with Fuller's earth, silflower oil contained 725.5 mg/kg chlorophyll, and its oxidative stability was not improved. Further treatments with bleaching agents including bentonite, sepiolite, and Tonsil® lowered the chlorophyll level to 4.2, 474.5, and 38.5 mg/kg, respectively, and some aspects of oxidative stability were improved and better than those of refined sunflower oil. This study presents the potential of silflower oil as new edible oil and a great plant source of squalene.

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Composition and oxidative stability of silflower (Silphium integrifolium) seed oil and its potential as a new source of squalene

Hwang,

Liu,

Winkler-Moser

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Silphium integrifolium Michx. (silflower), a perennial plant, is of great interest as a potential new oilseed crop due to its long, strong, deep, extensive root systems, which can prevent erosion, capture dissolved nitrogen, and out-compete weeds eliminating the need for frequent irrigation and herbicide uses. In this study, oil was extracted from unhulled silflower seeds, and its composition and oxidative stability were evaluated. The oil content in unhulled silflower seeds was 15.2 % (w/w), and its fatty acid composition was similar to that of sunflower oil. The level of total polar compounds (TPC) in the oil was 12.3 % (w/w), and the content of total phenolics was 1.12 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g oil. Noteworthily, 4.89 % squalene was isolated from silflower oil indicating its potential application as an alternative source of squalene. Silflower oil had lower oxidative stability as indicated by the oxidative stability index (OSI) at 110 °C and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), presumably due to its high level of chlorophyll (1002.8 mg/Kg). Even after a typical refining process involving degumming, alkali refining, and bleaching with Fuller’s earth, silflower oil contained 725.5 mg/kg chlorophyll, and its oxidative stability was not improved. Further treatments with bleaching agents including bentonite, sepiolite, and Tonsil® lowered the chlorophyll level to 4.2, 474.5, and 38.5 mg/kg, respectively, and some aspects of oxidative stability were improved and better than those of refined sunflower oil. This study presents the potential of silflower oil as new edible oil and a great plant source of squalene.

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Analysis of Changes in the Amount of Phytosterols after the Bleaching Process of Hemp Oils

Cited by 6 publications

References 52 publications

Effect of the Bleaching Process on Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Raw Hemp Seed Oil (Cannabis sativa)

Effect of the Bleaching Process on Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Raw Hemp Seed Oil (Cannabis sativa)

Composition and oxidative stability of silflower (Silphium integrifolium) seed oil and its potential as a new source of squalene

Composition and oxidative stability of silflower (Silphium integrifolium) seed oil and its potential as a new source of squalene

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