Analysis of Complexities in Natech Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: A Case Study of Cilegon, Indonesia

Abstract

Complex disasters may occur as a result of a natural disaster combined with an industrial or a technological disaster. These are also called “natural-hazard triggered technological (natech) disasters.” Currently, there is increasing awareness of the hazards of these natech disasters. Natural disasters could trigger a technological disaster including oil spills and the release of hazardous and flammable materials and toxic chemicals, causing cascading events. The impact of the damage on public health and safety could be catastrophic, as it may result in massive loss of life, environmental destruction, and asset and property loss. Moreover, it could cause business disruptions and affect a country’s reputation. This paper describes a case study on the application of disaster risk reduction and management for natech disasters in Cilegon, Indonesia. We introduce the analysis of risk assessment conducted in Cilegon, the preparedness of the Cilegon City government, a contingency plan that has been developed, and the state of disaster preparedness in industrial zones. Natural and technological disaster risks as well as several emergency preparedness efforts are discussed and multiple stakeholders are identified. The paper serves as a foundation for future research to address natech disasters.

People’s Response to Potential Natural Hazard-Triggered Technological Threats after a Sudden-Onset Earthquake in Indonesia

“…Cilegon is located on the western edge of the Java islands and is known as one of the most well-known and significant heavy industrial areas in Indonesia [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The government of Indonesia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have paid close attention to the potential threats of Natech scenarios in Cilegon.…”

The Effectiveness of One’s Decision to Report on Emergency Situation Victims: A Systemic Literature Review

“…Next, identical or duplicated articles are identified and the articles that are out of the topic For the presentation, we will submit it in accordance with the answers to this literature review study question. One's perception depends on ways of inspection, visible risk management, technology development, access to health services, relevant regulations, affordable costs by the community, and availability of guidelines on or instructions in facing emergency situations and whether or not there is any industry located in their residences [7,8]. Failure to assess the victim's risks leads to increased risks, and a specific plan for better responses is required [9,10].…”

“…Continuous improvement [55] Access to ambulances and hospitals [70-73, 75, 76] Scenario and simulation [48,51,85,86] Socio-culture and economy [25,66,78,97,98] Different Conditions among regions [63,99] Closest people and vulnerable families [27,29,49] Rescue kits [79] Behavior during emergency [16,21] Various cases of emergency [47] Perception and expectation [7,8,23] Various action plans [62] Role of education [26,28,33,37] Infrastructure hard and soft [74] 4 Discussion…”

Industrial and Environmental Disaster Risk Assessment for Hazardous Materials in Balikpapan City, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

“…Indeed, since this typical hazardous material occurs in large quantities, the possible exposure of local communities, the significant impact on public health, and the possibility to cause both industrial and environmental disasters have to be considered. Furthermore, since in East Kalimantan the risks level for natural hazard, such as floods, forest and land fire, extreme waves and abrasion, is also high, future research is needed to evaluate the risk level according to NaTech descriptions (natural hazards-triggered technological disasters), the potential cascading effects of these hazards [28] and how the community would response to them [29].…”