Analysis of cosmic ray, solar wind energies, components of Earth’s magnetic field, and ionospheric total electron content during solar superstorm of November 18–22, 2003

Abstract

This paper studies the impacts of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) preceding storm (November 18-22, 2003) on several space weather components. The comprehensive study of different parameters such as solar wind speed, density, plasma temperature, plasma pressure, auroral electrojet, SYM-H, energy transfer, components of Earth's magnetic field, total electron content, and cosmic ray received by Earth during the ICME storm has been studied, which accounts for the more precise knowledge of the storm from different dimensions. The solar storm of November 2003 had SYM-H value of − 472 nT. During the main phase of the storm, the velocity of solar wind reached approximately to 500 km/s, and plasma pressure cumulated to around 20 nPa. The total energy dissipated during the storm in the magnetosphere has been converted in the form of ring current, joule heating, and auroral precipitation. The joule heating leads to modification in thermospheric contents and traveling atmospheric contents that result in further modification of the density, composition, circulation, and dynamics of ionosphere-thermosphere system. This phenomena further result in the escalation and slumping of TEC. We found out the decrease in rate of cosmic ray received by the Earth during the main phase of the storm, which lead to our conclusion that there exists inverse relation between strength of solar storm and amount of cosmic ray fluxes received by the Earth. In addition, the study made on the change in TEC and SYM-H during the event hinted us toward the possible changes in the space weather caused by the solar superstorm of November 18-22, 2003.

Global Positioning System Observations of Ionospheric Total Electron Content Variations During the 15th January 2010 and 21st June 2020 Solar Eclipse

“…Cross‐correlation is a standard tool for measuring statistical relation among distinctive variables and to measure the degree of similarity and additionally draw identical characters relative to each other in time to explore the unseen new information that can be obtained (Adhikari & Chapagain, 2016; Adhikari et al., 2017; Adhikari et al., 2019; Poudel et al., 2020). In this research, we have implemented the cross‐correlation method to achieve correlation coefficients and time lag among TEC of eclipse incidence region (Nepal) and non‐incidence region (Japan) during the day of the eclipse and quiet day.…”

“…A huge mass of plasma, ions, electrons, and other solar particles along with a large amount of energy gets ejected during the coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and moves radially outward (Adhikari et al., 2019). Some amount of these energies directly enters the earth's magnetosphere and ultimately result in geomagnetic storms, sub‐storms, and aurora (Gonzalez et al., 1994).…”

Pre-Earthquake Ionospheric Anomalies Associated with the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake of Nepal Detected by GPS-TEC Measurements

“…For instance, Jiang (2017) investigated the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) before the 2014 Mw 8.2 Chile earthquake and observed positive anomalies 4 days before the main event. TEC is the total number of electrons present along a path between two points, with units of electrons per square meter, where 10 16 electrons/m 2 =1 TEC unit (TECU) (Klobuchar, 1991;Adhikari et al, 2019;Silwal et al, 2021). Based on TEC observations, Global Positioning System (GPS) stations have become an important data source to study ionospheric TEC before major earthquakes.…”

CFD simulation of the wind field around pyramidal roofed single-story buildings

“…All these roofed buildings are exposed to the atmospheric wind and experience a significant wind load. As the wind has both advantageous and dangerous aspect, on the one hand it is beneficial as it has huge power potential [1][2][3] and helpful for ventilation [4] and on the other hand it loads the structures which come in its way. The past cyclone reports for Bhola Cyclone 1970, Bangladesh Cyclone 1991, Cyclone Nargis 2008, Hurricane Arthur 2014 and Cyclone Hudhud 2014 have shown a huge loss of lives and properties [5][6][7][8][9].…”