Analysis of Liquid Volatile Matters from Coconut Shell Pyrolysis by GC-MS and Its Potential as Antifungal Agent

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the highest producers of coconut in the world and at the same time coconut shell waste is also high. This study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis for the liquid volatile matter (LVM) generated from coconut shell pyrolysis and to examine its potential as an antifungal agent. Pyrolysis was performed at 600 ºC. The LVM was 29% (v/w) and had pH 3 and 1.087 g mL-1 density. To determine chemical constituents using GC-MS, the standard NIST MS software was used. The spectrogram analysis of LVM revealed five main compounds, namely phenol (21.92%); (Z)-4-methyl-5-(2-oxopropylidene)-5H-furan-2-one (13.06%); 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (11.54%); 2-methoxyphenol (9.07%) and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (7.66%). The LVM showed a excellent fungicidal activity against Phytophthora palmivora at a concentration of 0.125% (v/v).

Investigations on the Key Odorants Contributing to the Aroma of Children Soy Sauce by Molecular Sensory Science Approaches

“…Firstly, they were synthesized by different yeasts from some phenolic acids present in materials used for manufacturing SS, for example, 4-ethylphenol from p -coumaric acid and 4-ethylguaiacol from ferulic acid [ 35 ]. Secondly, they were produced by lignin pyrolysis; for instance, guaiacol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol could be obtained from coconut shell pyrolysis [ 36 ]. Before wheat and soybeans were used for manufacturing SS, they were roasted.…”

The Biomass Waste Pyrolysis for Biopesticide Application

“…This was supported by the fact that when the cell wall of fungi treated with phenol, it caused the shrinking, indicating the disruption of cell wall structure [11]. In addition, bio-oil also inhibits the growth of the fungus, Promecotheca palmivora is a pathogenic fungus that causes cacao pod rot disease [11]. In Mashuni et al's research, CNS bio-oil was used as a natural ingredient to improve the quality of cocoa seed supply during storage to replace synthetic pesticides.…”

“…The CN bio-oil can inhibit Phytophthora palmivora growth since it contains a great amount of phenolic compounds and it is well known that phenolic compounds are one of the main inhibitors of fungal growth. This was supported by the fact that when the cell wall of fungi treated with phenol, it caused the shrinking, indicating the disruption of cell wall structure [11]. In addition, bio-oil also inhibits the growth of the fungus, Promecotheca palmivora is a pathogenic fungus that causes cacao pod rot disease [11].…”

“…Biomass contains lignin, a source of phenolic compounds either through the pyrolysis method, which functions as an antioxidant and can be used as a functional food ingredient [29]. Epidemiological studies show that phenolic compounds have potential effects to prevent chronic disease and have anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal [26,30], and biopesticides [31,32]. Bio-oil from the pyrolysis results can be used as a biofungicide because it contains active compounds that are effective as inhibitors for the growth of fungi and bacteria (as shown in Tables 3-5).…”

“…Researchers at the Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR) at the University of Western Ontario designed a highly automated rapid pyrolysis to convert biomass to bio-oil, gas, and biochar at the temperature of 250-800°C under nearly atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen [9]. Bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis produces a complex mixture of chemicals including acids, ketones, furans, phenols, hydrosugars, and other oxygenates, which have antibacterial and antifungal properties against several pathogenic and carcinogenic bacteria as well as biopesticides [10][11][12].…”