Analysis of microstructural characteristics and components of red and yellow ink pigments used in permanent makeup

Abstract

Our purpose in this study is to analyze the microstructural characteristics and constituent elements of inorganic substances added to the yellow ink and red ink pigments used in permanent makeup. We observed the microstructural properties of inorganic pigments added to the ink using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed the constituent elements of the inorganic pigment particles using an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In red wine-colored ink, cubic titanium dioxide with a diameter of 110 to 200 nm was the major component, and rod-shaped iron oxide was rarely observed. Most of the ingredients of taupe yellow ink were rod-shaped yellow iron oxide, and a small amount of cubic titanium dioxide was observed. Red wine-colored ink and taupe yellow ink contained lumps composed of titanium dioxide particles. In red wine-colored ink, lumps were formed by agglomeration. However, we observed that the surface of the lump composed of titanium dioxide in the taupe yellow ink had a smooth surface caused by external physical compression. The titanium dioxide particle mass which found in taupe yellow ink in this study is an artificial product. When this mass accumulates in the dermis, it may cause a color mismatch. Therefore, permanent makeup using fine pigments should be free of foreign substances that may cause trouble in the skin. In addition, there is a need to improve the quality of the ink so that the required color can be safe and long lasting in the dermis.

Trends in eyebrow makeup after COVID‐19 and long‐COVID era

“…Tattooing is a permanent new makeup, so you can also save time on makeup (Table 2 ). 20 With semi‐PMU gaining traction and the expansion of the cosmetic procedure industry, dermatologists say that the potential complications of this intervention in popular and new cosmetic procedures should be recognized to facilitate proper care. 21 , 22 Therefore, in the future, public interest in cosmetic procedures should be explained and grown in relation to medical considerations for procedures.…”

Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022

“…77891), either in the form of rutile 11 or a mixture of rutile and anatase with a size of 100-300 nm. 52,72,73 It is used in pure white inks and very frequently for shading of colours. Titanium dioxide is usually coated with SiO 2 , Al(OH) 3 , Al 2 O 3 or silicone 74 and has photo cytotoxic iron oxide pigments appear naturally and are very often used in PMU inks.…”

“…Titanium dioxide is usually coated with SiO 2 , Al(OH) 3 , Al 2 O 3 or silicone 74 and has photo cytotoxic iron oxide pigments appear naturally and are very often used in PMU inks. 73 Rather seldomly, manganese violet 75 and chromium oxide green (Cr 2 O 3 ) are used as well. 8 Concerning tattoo patients, two studies analysed 172 skin biopsies of red tattoo reactions in total.…”

“…The white pigment of choice is titanium dioxide (C.I. 77891), either in the form of rutile 11 or a mixture of rutile and anatase with a size of 100–300 nm 52,72,73 . It is used in pure white inks and very frequently for shading of colours.…”

“…Black (Fe 3 O 4 ), brown (Iron[III]oxides C.I. 77 491, C.I.77492), red (hematite, Fe 2 O 3 ), black triiron tetraoxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) or yellow (FeO(OH)) iron oxide pigments appear naturally and are very often used in PMU inks 73 . Rather seldomly, manganese violet 75 and chromium oxide green (Cr 2 O 3 ) are used as well 8 …”