Analysis of Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Conventional Diesel and Fischer−Tropsch Diesel Fuel Emissions Using Electron Monochromator-Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

The presence of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in diesel fuel emissions has been studied for a number of years predominantly because of their contribution to the overall health and environmental risks associated with these emissions. Electron monochromator-mass spectrometry (EM-MS) is a highly selective and sensitive method for detection of NPAHs in complex matrixes, such as diesel emissions. Here, EM-MS was used to compare the levels of NPAHs in fuel emissions from conventional (petroleum) diesel, ultra-low sulfur/low-aromatic content diesel, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel, and conventional diesel/synthetic diesel blend. The largest quantities of NPAHs were detected in the conventional diesel fuel emissions, while the ultra-low sulfur diesel and synthetic diesel fuel demonstrated a more than 50% reduction of NPAH quantities when compared to the conventional diesel fuel emissions. The emissions from the blend of conventional diesel with 30% synthetic diesel fuel also demonstrated a more than 30% reduction of the NPAH content when compared to the conventional diesel fuel emissions. In addition, a correlation was made between the aromatic content of the different fuel types and NPAH quantities and between the nitrogen oxides emissions from the different fuel types and NPAH quantities. The EM-MS system demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity for detection of the NPAHs in the emissions with minimal sample cleanup required.

Diesel Particle Filter and Fuel Effects on Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emissions

“…The second ionization process is called dissociative electron capture utilizing electron energies ranging from 0.1 to 10 eV, producing the characteristic m/z 46 ion from nitro-PAHs (20). This ion is unique in negative ion analysis and allows the differentiation of nitrocontaining compounds from the sample matrix (21).…”

Effect of biodiesel fuel on “real-world”, nonroad heavy duty diesel engine particulate matter emissions, composition and cytotoxicity

“…The PM 1.0 samples collected inside the cabin near the employee breathing zone in P5B and bulk tailpipe PM were analyzed for PAHs and N-PAHs. Analytes were extracted from filters following methods described in Havey et al, 2006 andRatcliff et al, 2010. Briefly, filters were spiked with deuterated internal standards consisting of 250 pg of nitrobenzene-d 5 , 1nitronaphthalene-d 7 , 1,5-dinitronaphthalene-d 6 , 9-nitroanthracene-d 9 , and 1-nitropyrene-d 9 for N-PAH analysis and 2.5 ng of naphthalene-d 8 , phenanthrene-d 9 , and chrysene-d 12 for PAH analysis (CDN Isotopes, Pointe-Claire, Quebec).…”

“…Biodiesel fuel is biodegradable, made from renewable feedstocks, has high engine lubricity characteristics (USDOE 2004), and its use results in an overall reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (Hill et al, 2006). Previous studies have demonstrated that replacing diesel fuel with biodiesel fuel can reduce emission of PM, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons in tailpipe exhaust (USEPA 2002b;Lapuerta et al, 2007;Di et al, 2009;McCormick et al, 2006;Robbins et al, 2009;Yanowitz et al, 2009;Argawal et al, 2015). Less is known about the impact of biodiesel on PM composition (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and associated health effects, but this is an area of active research (Karavalakis et al, 2009;Cheung et al, 2010;Hemmingsen et al, 2011;Fukagawa et al, 2013;Gerlofs-Nijland et al, 2013).…”

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air

“…Nitroderivati PAU sastavni su dio ispušnih plinova motornih vozila, dima cigareta, i također se ubrajaju u mutagene spojeve. Ugradnjom ionskog izvora s elektronskim monokromatorom u sustav spektrometra masa nastala je vrlo osjetljiva i selektivna tehnika za detekciju nitroderivata PAU u kompleksnim matricama kao što su dizelska goriva (41). Dimashki i suradnici (42) određivali su nitro-derivate PAU ekstrahirajući ih u Soxhletovu aparatu s diklormetanom te je daljnja analiza provedena tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) i GC-MS-tehnikom.…”