Analysis of pH and cytotoxic activity of locally produced radiopaque white Portland cement

Abstract

An ideal endodontic filling material should maintain a hermetic seal in the pathway of communication between the root canal and its surrounding tissues. [1] It should be biocompatible, dimensionally stable, exhibit favorable host tissue response, insoluble in tissue fluids, nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, and radiopaque. [2] Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is an endodontic material first introduced as a root-end filling material in 1993. [3] It is composed of tricalcium silicate, tricalcium oxide, silicate oxide, and other mineral oxides. MTA exhibits many advantageous properties including optimum biocompatibility, good sealing ability, and favorable hard-tissue induction [4,5] which paved the way for its use in pulp capping, root-end filling, repairing furcal perforations, and resorption defects. [6,7] Despite favorable properties, white MTA (WMTA) has extended setting time, difficult handling properties, and discoloration potential and it is an expensive material. [8] Bismuth oxide (BO) is the radiopacifying agent in WMTA, and studies showed that BO negatively affects the physiochemical and biological properties, can interact with collagen in hard tissue, causes coronal discoloration, and can react with sodium hypochlorite. [9,10] WMTA is a Portland cement (PC)-based material, and therefore, white PC (WPC) was suggested as a viable substitute for

The Effect of a Setting Accelerator on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of a Fast-set White Portland Cement Mixed with Nano-zirconium Oxide

“…This alkalinity is beneficial for material biocompatibility, neutralizing the acidic pH that is usually present in an inflammatory environment and thus, inhibiting the osteoclastic activity and enhancing tissue repair ( 40 ). Similarly, MWPC was reported to have a significantly different high (alkaline) pH compared to the control group; this agreed with previous studies that investigated PC ( 21 , 29 ). On the other hand, the addition of CaCl 2 .2H 2 O to WMTA and RMPC did not seem to have a significant effect on the alkalinity of both materials.…”

“…Three tubes were prepared for each material, in addition to one control tube containing only water without capsules. Tubes were stored in incubator at 37°C and pH was tested using pH meter (pH 700, Eutech instruments, Germany) at 0, 1, 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 day intervals ( 21 ). Before measuring, the pH meter electrode was calibrated using standardized solutions of pH 4, 7 and 10.…”

“…However, PC lacks radiopacity due to the absence of BO, which makes it difficult to differentiate it from the tooth structure ( 19 ). Because of the discolouration potential of WMTA and other bismuth-containing materials ( 20 ), several radiopacifying agents such as zinc oxide, barium sulfate, niobium oxide, calcium tungstate, strontium fluoride and zirconium oxide (ZrO) have been added to PC and examined as potential substitutes for WMTA ( 19 , 21 , 22 ).…”