Analysis of Phenotypic Variability and Correlation on Sugar Content Contributing Phenotypes of Salak (Salacca sumatrana Reinw var.Sidempuan. ) under Various Altitudes

Abstract

Salak (Salacca edulis), commonly known as snake fruit, is one of Indonesia's local fruit preference with a promising commercial prospect for the development of horticultural product. This fruit is a superior fruit commodity of Padang Sidempuan which has been recognized nationally. A significant change of geographical altitudes from lowland to highland supported the salak growth when planted in South Tapanuli. This study was aimed to evaluate the phenotypic variability as well as its correlation of salak planted in three different subdistricts of South Tapanuli representing low, mid and highlands. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling method where 30 accessions of salak were collected from all those three subdistricts in South Tapanuli. Both qualitative and quantitative traits were statistically analyzed and evaluated for its phylogenetic using NTSYS 2.02. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 37 morphological traits resulted in a similarity coefficient ranging from 0.34-0.68. Of all accessions tested, two accessions (MC4 and MC5) were closely clustered with a coefficient of 0.68. Moreover, 7 traits were positively correlated to sugar content, including plant height,number of fruit bunch, length and width of leaflet, number of leaf, fruit weight and flesh thickness.

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“…Apart from being influenced by environmental factors, the production of salak 'Gulapasir' fruit is also influenced by internal plant factors (Adelina et al, 2021b: Lestari et al 2011. The effect of altitude on plant growth and production is related to plant adaptability and tolerance to temperature (Fenech et al, 2019) and rainfall (Ritonga et al, 2018). Altitude increases, the average daily air temperature decreases and monthly rainfall increases (Table 3).…”

“…amboinensis cv. Gulapasir is one of the essensial fruits in Indonesia, and the plant can be found in most regions of Indonesia (Rai et al, 2016;Ritonga et al, 2018). The salak fruit belongs to the family Palmae or Arecaceae and is native to the Indonesian-Malaysian region (Hakim et al, 2019;Zumaidar et al, 2014).…”

“…The salak 'Gulapasir' plantation in the District of Bebandemis the main producer of salak 'Gulapasir' in Bali is located in the southern part of Mount Agung with an altitude of 450 m to 700 m above sea level (m asl). The effect of altitude on plant growth and production is related to plant adaptation to temperature (Sumantra, et al, 2014), full sunlight (Sukawijaya et al, 2009), water status and soil quality (Raharjo et al, 2022;Rai et al, 2014;Ritonga et al,2018). Salak plants are not resistant to full sun but 50 % to 70 % enough, therefore it is necessary to have shade plants (Sukawijaya et al, 2009;Sumantra et al, 2012).…”

“…The success of each species to occupy the environment of an area is influenced by its ability to adapt optimally to all physical environmental factors (temperature, light, soil structure, humidity), biotic factors (interaction between species, competition, parasitism), and chemical factors including the availability of water, oxygen, pH, and nutrients (Nassar et al, 2018;Widyastuti et al, 2022). Moreover, a broad genetic variability would lead to wide phenotypic variability due to the effect of genetic-environment interaction (Ritonga et al, 2018). The research objective was to obtain several superior salak 'Gulapasir' both in production and fruit quality (sugar and acid ratio, vitamin C and tannins) in six different agricultural ecosystems in Bali.…”

Agronomic Characters and Quality of Fruit of Salak cv. Gulapasir Planted in Various Agro-Ecosystems

“…amboinensis cv. Gulapasir is one of the essensial fruits in Indonesia, and the plant can be found in most regions of Indonesia (Rai et al, 2016;Ritonga et al, 2018). The salak fruit belongs to the family Palmae or Arecaceae and is native to the Indonesian-Malaysian region (Hakim et al, 2019;Zumaidar et al, 2014).…”