Analysis of phthalate esters in dairy products—a brief review

Abstract

This review provides a brief survey of pretreatment and instrumental detection methods for the analysis of PAEs in dairy products.

Quantitative structure‐retention relationships of the chromatographic retentions of phthalic acid ester contaminants in foods

“…The retention times of 11 PAEs (Supporting Information ) on the GC DB‐5MS column and LC Poroshell 120 EC‐C18 column have been predicted by QSRR model‐a and model‐b (Supporting Information ), respectively, and their descriptor values are given in Supporting Information . These PAEs were also detected in foods or food packaging materials , which were found to be located within the applicability domain of both QSRR models. The absolute residuals for model‐a (0.571 ± 0.760 min) and model‐b (0.464 ± 0.645 min) should be considered in predicting retention times of new PAEs (Supporting Information ).…”

“…Simultaneously, the investigations on the binding profile of PAEs with human or bovine serum albumin were also carried out to get insights into their definite in vivo roles once they enter into the blood through gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, their adverse health effects have become the increased international concern, and the comprehensive assessment of their content in various foods and their effects on human health is a research focus of food safety issue in recent years .…”

“…The plasticizers pollution in foods may mainly be caused by the following three pathways : (a) the facile migration of PAEs into foods during the food processing and dairy packaging under certain conditions due to the weak non‐covalent interactions between PAEs and parent materials; (b) the illegal addition of PAEs in foods as additives due to their emulsifying capacity; (c) the pollution of food raw materials by PAEs from the environmental wastes or gradually biological enrichment. The information on the PAEs levels in foods is important for human exposure assessment.…”

“…Based on the literature survey , numerous pretreatment techniques for the enrichment or extraction of PAEs from foods and environment have been developed, such as solid‐phase/(air‐assisted) liquid‐liquid/polymer‐monolith/ultrasound‐assisted‐ emulsification (micro)extraction, cloud point extraction and solvent sublation, and the majority of facile quantitative methods like LC–MS, microemulsion EKC, GC–MS, flow‐injection chemiluminescence analysis or fluorescence immunoassay have been applied as well.…”

Magnetic solid‐phase extraction based on magnetic carbon particles from coffee grounds for determining phthalic acid esters in plastic bottled water

“…Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in a number of consumer products, including food‐packaging bags and toys, among others, because they enhance the flexibilities, elasticities, and durabilities of plastic products (Di Bella et al., 2018; Otero et al., 2015). Due to the harmful health effects of several PAEs as human cancer‐causing agents, endocrine disruptors, and their impacts on reproductive toxicity in multiple organ systems, including the liver, kidney, and heart (Fan et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2018), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Union have listed certain PAEs as priority substances whose use need to be addressed (González‐Sálamo, Socas‐Rodríguez, Hernández‐Borges, & Rodríguez‐Delgado, 2017; Santana‐Mayor, Socas‐Rodríguez, del Mar Afonso, Palenzuela‐López, & Rodríguez‐Delgado, 2018). Despite this, PAE legislation for environmental samples remains insufficient.…”