Analysis of Statistical Interactions in Factorial Experiments

Kitsche, Andreas; Schaarschmidt, Frank

doi:10.1111/jac.12076

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The primary hypotheses addressed in this study corresponded to testing specific differences in changes across the time points POST, R1h, and R1d, specified in terms of contrasts of parameter estimates of the interaction effect (e.g., Kitsche & Schaarschmidt, ). Data were reported as mean ± SEM unless otherwise stated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: Does exercise type play a role?

Thomas

Flindtgaard

Skriver

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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A single bout of high-intensity exercise can augment off-line gains in skills acquired during motor practice. It is currently unknown if the type of physical exercise influences the effect on motor skill consolidation. This study investigated the effect of three types of high-intensity exercise following visuomotor skill acquisition on the retention of motor memory in 40 young (25.3 ±3.6 years), able-bodied male participants randomly assigned to one of four groups either performing strength training (STR), circuit training (CT), indoor hockey (HOC) or rest (CON). Retention tests of the motor skill were performed 1 (R1h) and 24 h (R1d) post acquisition. For all exercise groups, mean motor performance scores decreased at R1h compared to post acquisition (POST) level; STR (P = 0.018), CT (P = 0.02), HOC (P = 0.014) and performance scores decreased for CT compared to CON (P = 0.049). Mean performance scores increased from POST to R1d for all exercise groups; STR (P = 0.010), CT (P = 0.020), HOC (P = 0.007) while performance scores for CON decreased (P = 0.043). Changes in motor performance were thus greater for STR (P = 0.006), CT (P < 0.001) and HOC (P < 0.001) compared to CON from POST to R1d. The results demonstrate that high-intensity, acute exercise can lead to a decrease in motor performance assessed shortly after motor skill practice (R1h), but enhances offline effects promoting long-term retention (R1d). Given that different exercise modalities produced similar positive off-line effects on motor memory, we conclude that exercise-induced effects beneficial to consolidation appear to depend primarily on the physiological stimulus rather than type of exercise and movements employed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: Does exercise type play a role?

Thomas

Flindtgaard

Skriver

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…The primary hypotheses addressed in this study corresponded to testing specific differences in changes across the time points B5, R1, and R7, specified in terms of contrasts of parameter estimates of the interaction effect (e.g., [ 49 ]). Specifically, approximate global F-tests were carried out and, subsequently, model-based t-tests were used to identify the significant differences.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Exercise and Motor Memory Consolidation: The Role of Exercise Intensity

et al. 2016

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A single bout of high intensity aerobic exercise (~90% VO2peak) was previously demonstrated to amplify off-line gains in skill level during the consolidation phase of procedural memory. High intensity exercise is not always a viable option for many patient groups or in a rehabilitation setting where low to moderate intensities may be more suitable. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of intensity in mediating the effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on motor skill learning. We investigated the effects of different exercise intensities on the retention (performance score) of a visuomotor accuracy tracking task. Thirty six healthy male subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups that performed either a single bout of aerobic exercise at 20 min post motor skill learning at 45% (EX45), 90% (EX90) maximal power output (Wmax) or rested (CON). Randomization was stratified to ensure that the groups were matched for relative peak oxygen consumption (ml O2/min/kg) and baseline score in the tracking task. Retention tests were carried out at 1 (R1) and 7 days (R7) post motor skill learning. At R1, changes in performance scores were greater for EX90 compared to CON (p<0.001) and EX45 (p = 0.011). The EX45 and EX90 groups demonstrated a greater change in performance score at R7 compared to the CON group (p = 0.003 and p<0.001, respectively). The change in performance score for EX90 at R7 was also greater than EX45 (p = 0.049). We suggest that exercise intensity plays an important role in modulating the effects that a single bout of cardiovascular exercise has on the consolidation phase following motor skill learning. There appears to be a dose-response relationship in favour of higher intensity exercise in order to augment off-line effects and strengthen procedural memory.

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“…6), pairwise comparisons were performed between intensity levels (α=0.05, lsmeans package). User-defined interaction contrasts were created to compare intensity-dependent changes of choice frequencies between colours using the package statint (Kitsche and Schaarschmidt, 2015). Tukey-type comparisons on interaction contrasts were performed using the multcomp package (Hothorn et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blue-green opponency and trichromatic vision in the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Stukenberg

Poehling

2018

Preprint

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9Summary statement 10 LED based choice experiments and empirical colour choice models reveal a yet undescribed 11 blue sensitive photoreceptor and an inhibitory interaction with a green sensitive receptor. 12Abstract 13Visual orientation in the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 14 Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is the result of 'wavelength-specific behaviours'. Green-yellow elicits 15 'settling behaviour' while ultraviolet (UV) radiation initiates 'migratory behaviour'. 16Electroretinograms of the photoreceptors' spectral efficiency showed peaks in the green and 17 the UV range and whitefly vision was said to be dichromatic. 18In order to study the visual behaviour of T. vaporariorum, nineteen narrow-bandwidth LEDs 19 covering the UV-A and visible range were used in combination with light scattering acrylic glass 20 screens in a small-scale choice arena under greenhouse conditions. Multiple-choice and dual-21 choice assays were performed, resulting in LED-based behavioural action spectra of settling 22 (green) and migratory behaviour (UV). A potential inhibitory blue-green chromatic mechanism 23 was studied by combining yellow with different blueish LEDs. Intensity dependencies were 24 illustrated by changing LED intensities. 25Regarding the 'settling response', highest attraction was achieved by a green LED with a 26 centroid wavelength of 550 nm, while a blue LED with 469 nm proved to be most inhibitory. 27Behaviour was distinctly intensity dependent. 'Migratory behaviour' was elicited the most by 28 the UV LED with the shortest available wavelength of 373 nm. The results clearly prove the 29 presence of a green and a yet undescribed blue sensitive photoreceptor and a blue-green 30 opponent mechanism. Furthermore, empirical colour choice models were built and receptor 31 peaks were estimated around 510 -520 nm (green), 480 -490 nm (blue) and 340 -370 nm 32 (UV). Consequently, Trialeurodes vaporariorum possesses a trichromatic receptor setup.Visual orientation is crucial for initial host plant detection and migration in the greenhouse 35 whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a worldwide 36 occurring horticultural pest in greenhouses (Byrne, 1991). Two different behavioural patterns, 37 so called 'wavelength-specific behaviours', were identified in T. vaporariorum. Orientation to 38 host plants is guided by a 'settling' behaviour which is elicited by green-yellow light while 39 ultraviolet (UV) radiation is responsible for a pattern which can be broadly defined as 'migratory 40 behaviour' (Coombe, 1981; 1982). 413 Those 'wavelength-specific behaviours' are generally defined as innate colour-sensitive 42 behavioural responses to different wavelength bands which cannot be modified by experience 43 or learning. On a basic level they enable insects to find and discriminate targets by their specific 44 patterns of reflected light (Kelber and Osorio, 2010). In herbivorous insects the green-yellow 45 range is commonly used for host plant detection (Prokopy and Owens, 1983...

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Analysis of Statistical Interactions in Factorial Experiments

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: Does exercise type play a role?

Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: Does exercise type play a role?

Acute Exercise and Motor Memory Consolidation: The Role of Exercise Intensity

Blue-green opponency and trichromatic vision in the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

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