Analysis of the impact of storage conditions on the thermal recovery efficiency of low-temperature ATES systems

Abstract

A B S T R A C TAquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) is a technology with worldwide potential to provide sustainable space heating and cooling using groundwater stored at different temperatures. The thermal recovery efficiency is one of the main parameters that determines the overall energy savings of ATES systems and is affected by storage specifics and site-specific hydrogeological conditions. Although beneficial for the optimization of ATES design, thus far a systematic analysis of how different principal factors affect thermal recovery efficiency is lacking. Therefore, analytical approaches were developed, extended and tested numerically to evaluate how the loss of stored thermal energy by conduction, dispersion and displacement by ambient groundwater flow affect thermal recovery efficiency under different storage conditions. The practical framework provided in this study is valid for the wide range of practical conditions as derived from 331 low-temperature (< 25°C) ATES systems in practice.Results show that thermal energy losses from the stored volume by conduction across the boundaries of the stored volume dominate those by dispersion for all practical storage conditions evaluated. In addition to conduction, the displacement of stored thermal volumes by ambient groundwater flow is also an important process controlling the thermal recovery efficiencies of ATES systems. An analytical expression was derived to describe the thermal recovery efficiency as a function of the ratio of the thermal radius of the stored volume over ambient groundwater flow velocity (R th /u). For the heat losses by conduction, simulation results showed that the thermal recovery efficiency decreases linearly with increasing surface area over volume ratios for the stored volume (A/ V), as was confirmed by the derivation of A/V-ratios for previous ATES studies. In the presence of ambient groundwater flow, the simulations showed that for R th /u < 1 year, displacement losses dominated conduction losses. Finally, for the optimization of overall thermal recovery efficiency as affected by these two main processes, the optimal design value for the ratio of well screen length over thermal radius (L/R th ) was shown to decrease with increasing ambient flow velocities while the sensitivity for this value increased. While in the absence of ambient flow a relatively broad optimum exists around an L/R th -ratio of 0.5-3, at 40 m/year of ambient groundwater flow the optimal L/R th -value ranges from 0.25 to 0.75. With the insights from this study, the consideration of storage volumes, the selection of suitable aquifer sections and well screen lengths can be supported in the optimization of ATES systems world-wide.

The effect of a density gradient in groundwater on ATES system efficiency and subsurface space use

“…In sufficiently thick aquifers, like the 150 m thick one below the city of Amsterdam, around 40 % of the ATES systems are monowells, see summary in Table 1. The storage volumes of these systems correspond with those presented in Bloemendal and Hartog (2018). However, due to the large thickness of the aquifer and the larger buildings served, ATES systems in Amsterdam tend to be larger and to have longer screens than those elsewhere in the Netherlands, where aquifers are thinner and cities are smaller.…”

“…This mechanism causes the interface between injected and ambient water to remain vertical in the middle of the aquifer, where the density of the injected water practically equals that of the ambient groundwater at that depth. The injected heat will cause a sharp temperature interface with the ambient groundwater due to thermal retardation (Doughty et al, 1982;Bloemendal and Hartog, 2018) and the fact the spreading of heat is conduction dom- Figure 3. Schematic representation of disturbance of a density gradient by warm well of a doublet (a) and monowell (b) ATES system.…”

“…inated (Bloemendal and Hartog, 2018). The injected water will eventually end up in the middle of the aquifer where ambient and infiltrated densities match.…”

“…Note that the temperature interface lags behind that of the density interface, due to thermal retardation (e.g. Bloemendal and Hartog, 2018). The thermal retardation adds complexity; it separates the temperature and salinity interfaces.…”

“…In the Netherlands, ATES is applied in aquifers with a thickness between 10 and 150 m (Bloemendal and Hartog, 2018). This wide range overlaps with that in most other countries, which allows generalizing the Dutch experience.…”