Analysis of the Native Structure of Starch Granules with X-ray Microfocus Diffraction

Waigh, Thomas A.; Hopkinson, Ian; Donald, Athene M.; Butler, Michael F.; Heidelbach, Florian

doi:10.1021/ma970075w

Cited by 134 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Amylose is normally in an amorphous conformation in starch granules, and has been proven to be intertwined with amylopectin in both crystalline and amorphous lamellae. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) shows that amylopectin molecules exhibit similar repeat distance for crystalline and amorphous lamellae, which is *9 nm, regardless of their botanical origins [190,191]. However, there is a significant distribution of this *9 nm spacing in different varieties [200].…”

Section: Crystalline Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties

Wang

Henry

Gilbert

2014

Springer Science Reviews

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Starch, an important carbohydrate with widespread applications in human foods, animal feeds, and many industrial products, is synthesized by plants by the action of a complex system involving many enzymes. The differing activities of these enzymes contribute to variations in starch structure among different plant species, botanical organs, and genetic backgrounds, and thus affect the physicochemical properties and end-use functions of starch. The demand for starches with particular functional properties is increasing, but the ability to produce novel starches is still limited. Starches with specific properties can potentially be produced by biotechnical modification of the starch biosynthetic pathway; however, this requires further understanding of the starch biosynthesis-structureproperties relationships. This review summarizes the state of the art in the understanding of these causal relationships: the roles of the main starch-synthesizing enzymes on starch structure, hierarchical structure of starch, advanced molecular structure characterization methods, and impact of starch structure on some functional properties. A better understanding of these relationships among starch biosynthesis, structure, and properties provides direction for genetic modification and targeted breeding programs to produce starch with desired characteristics.

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Section: Crystalline Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties

Wang

Henry

Gilbert

2014

Springer Science Reviews

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“…[13][14][15][16][17] User applications at the ID13 beamline include many fields of modern materials science covering among others metals, 18 carbon fibers, 19 synthetic polymers, [20][21][22] as well as biopolymers and biological tissues. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] In the meanwhile, x-ray microbeams with high photon flux are available also at other sites, and dedicated instruments for scanning SAXS/WAXS have been built 30 or are in the construction phase. Particularly important for the success of microbeam SAXS/WAXS techniques is also the recent development of high resolution area detectors for x-ray scattering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From diffraction to imaging: New avenues in studying hierarchical biological tissues with x-ray microbeams (Review)

Paris

2008

Biointerphases

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Load bearing biological materials such as bone or arthropod cuticle have optimized mechanical properties which are due to their hierarchical structure ranging from the atomic/molecular level up to macroscopic length scales. Structural investigations of such materials require new experimental techniques with position resolution ideally covering several length scales. Beside light and electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation based x-ray imaging techniques offer excellent possibilities in this respect, ranging from full field imaging with absorption or phase contrast to x-ray microbeam scanning techniques. A particularly useful approach for the study of biological tissues is the combination x-ray microbeam scanning with nanostructural information obtained from x-ray scattering [small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS)]. This combination allows constructing quantitative images of nanostructural parameters with micrometer scanning resolution, and hence, covers two length scales at once. The present article reviews recent scanning microbeam SAXS/WAXS work on bone and some other biological tissues with particular emphasis on the imaging capability of the method. The current status of instrumentation and experimental possibilities is also discussed, and a short outlook about actual and desirable future developments in the field is given.

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“…Recently, evidence for the presence of alternating shells in individual starch granules was obtained by scanning different areas with 2 mm wide synchrotron X-ray beams [4][5][6][7]. Generally, cereal starches exhibit A-type diffraction patterns, whereas tuber starches usu-ally yield B-type patterns [8], resulting from differences in packing of amylopectin side chains [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of methyl substituents over crystalline and amorphous domains in methylated starches

Burgt

Bergsma²,

Bleeker³

et al. 1999

Carbohydrate Research

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Granular potato starch and amylopectin potato starch were methylated in aqueous suspension with dimethyl sulfate to molar substitution (MS) up to 0.29. The percentage of amorphous starch compared with crystalline domains increased with increasing MS. Prolonged treatment of these methylated starches with hydrochloric acid below the swelling temperature resulted in the release of D-glucose and small D-glucose-oligomers from the amorphous domains. The granular structure was maintained during the acidic treatment, indicating that the crystalline lamellae were less affected by acid. The amorphous domains contained on average about twice as many substituents per glucose unit as the remaining crystalline network. The distributions of methyl substituents in trimers and tetramers, released from amorphous domains and prepared from crystalline fractions, were determined by FABMS and compared to the outcome of a statistically random distribution. Quantification of the degree of heterogeneity of the thus-obtained trimers and tetramers showed a much larger deviation from random substitution in the crystalline fractions compared with the amorphous ones. These results are in agreement with our previous study that describes substitution patterns in branched and linear regions of methylated starch granules.

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Analysis of the Native Structure of Starch Granules with X-ray Microfocus Diffraction

Cited by 134 publications

References 25 publications

Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties

Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties

From diffraction to imaging: New avenues in studying hierarchical biological tissues with x-ray microbeams (Review)

Distribution of methyl substituents over crystalline and amorphous domains in methylated starches

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