Analysis of the surface of different marbles by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to evaluate decay by SO2 attack

Luque, Antonio; Yuso, M. Valle Martínez de; Cultrone, Giuseppe; Sebastián, Eduardo

doi:10.1007/s12665-012-1786-9

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The Ca 2p binding energies for HC seen at 347.89 and 351.66 eV are respectively assignable to Ca 2p 3/2 and Ca 2p 1/2 , which agrees with the binding energies of Ca in CaCO 3 previously reported in literature . The Ca 2p spectrum of SHC shows a dominant peak at around 348.41 and 352.01 eV, indicating the existence of CaSO 4 on the surface of SHC . The XPS spectrum of SHC for S 2p is shown in Figure f.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

A low‐cost clay‐based heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst: Activation, efficiency enhancement, and mechanism study

Liu

et al. 2017

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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In this work, Hangjin2# clay (HC), a natural iron‐contained clay mineral first discovered in Inner Mongolia of China, is found to be able to catalyze the heterogeneous Fenton reaction efficiently upon rational modification. After activation using dilute sulfuric acid, the HC prohibited a significantly enhanced activity for heterogeneous Fenton reaction. Via acid activation process, Fe2+/Fe3+ redox can be introduced on the surface of sulfuric acid‐activated Hangjin2# clay (SHC), and Brønsted acid sites can be also created on the surface of SHC. Furthermore, Brønsted acid sites could effectively promote the generation of •OH for methyl orange (MO) oxidation and facilitate the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox process. Fenton degradation of MO was used to evaluate the effect of acid activation on the catalytic activities of SHC. Experimental results revealed that the high activity of SHC was mainly attributed to the synergetic effect of the abundant acid sites on catalyst surface and the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox process. In addition, quenching studies confirmed that •OH radicals were principally responsible for the degradation of MO. More importantly, MO degradation for 3 consecutive cycles demonstrated SHC exhibited reusable and stable activity.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

A low‐cost clay‐based heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst: Activation, efficiency enhancement, and mechanism study

Liu

et al. 2017

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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“…FTIR can identify complex anions in inorganic compounds (such as sulphates, carbonates, and silicates), but it cannot distinguish simple anions (such as oxides and sulfides). FTIR is generally preferred for differentiating earth ochres because it provides much information about the clay proportion inside the ochre than Raman methods [17,80,81].…”

Section: Materials and Methods (Scientific Examination Of Pigments)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India’s Wall Paintings

Sharma

Singh²

2021

Heritage

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Iron-containing earth minerals of various hues were the earliest pigments of the prehistoric artists who dwelled in caves. Being a prominent part of human expression through art, nature-derived pigments have been used in continuum through ages until now. Studies reveal that the primitive artist stored or used his pigments as color cakes made out of skin or reeds. Although records to help understand the technical details of Indian painting in the early periodare scanty, there is a certain amount of material from which some idea may be gained regarding the methods used by the artists to obtain their results. Considering Indian wall paintings, the most widely used earth pigments include red, yellow, and green ochres, making it fairly easy for the modern era scientific conservators and researchers to study them. The present knowledge on material sources given in the literature is limited and deficient as of now, hence the present work attempts to elucidate the range of earth pigments encountered in Indian wall paintings and the scientific studies and characterization by analytical techniques that form the knowledge background on the topic. Studies leadingto well-founded knowledge on pigments can contribute towards the safeguarding of Indian cultural heritage as well as spread awareness among conservators, restorers, and scholars.

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“…To measure the chemical reactions on the marble caused by SO 2 in atmosphere, Luque et al [32] selected calcitic and dolomitic samples to undertake the accelerated weathering test in which the samples were exposed to atmospheric SO 2 with high concentration for 24 h in a simulative climate chamber under the given temperature (20 °C) and relative humidity (> 90%). The changes on marble surfaces caused by reactions between SO 2 with calcite and dolomite were analyzed by XPS technique, demonstrating that the sulphation rates of calcitic marbles were much higher than dolomitic marbles.…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, bio-deterioration can destroy the structural materials via mechanical interaction (e.g. plant root growth, formation of bio-films) and disassimilation (metabolites produced by microorganisms), and thus dramatically influences the aesthetic appearance and increases the cost of cleaning, conservation and maintenance for architectural heritage [31,32]. Thirdly, some contaminants in the atmosphere, underground water, surface water and soil can damage the ancient building materials irreversibly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

et al. 2019

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Both conservation and intervention methods must be compatible with each other and appropriate for the original building materials. Therefore, the characterization of historic building materials is indispensable for investigating chemical composition, micro-structure and morphological features to study the current condition, environmental influence and change mechanism due to natural aging or man-made decay processes. Given the great variety of chemicals which can be analyzed, complex problems related to architectural heritage materials are investigated via optimized methodologies. Among the existing techniques, optical microscopy (OM) is an inexpensive and dominating tool to obtain preliminary information on complex samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide real three-dimensional topographies showing sample surface properties. Electron microscopes combined with energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EM-EDX) are the instruments specifically developed to acquire images of target materials at high magnification. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies are frequently used to characterize inorganic and organic compounds. Thermal analysis can rapidly and accurately measure changes in crystalline structure, dehydration and decomposition. X-ray based technologies have a wide range of applications as follows. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is one of the most frequently used techniques for elemental analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a fast and inexpensive technique for the characterization of man-made and natural materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is applied to quantify the valence and electronic levels of specific elements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for detecting the electronic structure of matter. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is also of great importance in architectural heritage, which can reveal different physicochemical mechanisms causing color. Laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can effectively eliminate the pollution on the surface and detect the internal elements of the target material. Ion beam analysis can quantify trace elements with high sensitivity. Mass-based techniques are mainly applied to identify unknown organic substances at the molecular level. This review describes some classical applications of individual techniques and provides scientific support for scientists and engineers to make decisions in the context of architectural heritage.

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Analysis of the surface of different marbles by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to evaluate decay by SO2 attack

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

A low‐cost clay‐based heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst: Activation, efficiency enhancement, and mechanism study

A low‐cost clay‐based heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst: Activation, efficiency enhancement, and mechanism study

A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India’s Wall Paintings

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

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