Analysis of Transitional Milk of Post-Natal Cases in Non-Anaemic Mothers and Its Comparison With Anaemic Mothers in Rural Western Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

Aim: Present study is aimed at determining the analysis of transitional milk of post-natal non-anaemic mothers and its comparison with anaemic mothers in rural Uttar Pradesh. Methods: Totally, 132 post-natal cases were enrolled for the study. After taking ethical committee approval, breast milk samples were collected from day 4 to 11. We measured the following important parameters in breast milk (fat, density, carbohydrates, solid not fat [SNF], protein and added water). Data were analysed by using SPSS-24 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Tests used in our study were the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, Chi-square test and independent T-test. Result: In our study, it was found that severe anaemia causes significant changes in fat, lactose and protein content of breast milk. We found that there are no significant changes in breast milk composition with age. Our study shows statistically no association between residence and breast milk content. Conclusion: As the severity of anaemia increases, protein and fat content in breast milk decreases, lactose content on the contrary follows a reverse relationship with maternal haemoglobin. Maternal anaemia not only affects the macronutrients in breast milk but also decreases the density of breast milk.

Century Wide Changes in Macronutrient Levels in Indian Mothers’ Milk: A Systematic Review

“…Transitional milk fat was reported by seven publications ( Table 1 ) [ 55 , 80 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 87 , 90 ]. Of these, three studies [ 55 , 84 , 90 ] collected early transitional milk (3rd–11th day), three collected milk between the 6th and 15th day pp [ 80 , 85 , 87 ] and one study had a wide transitional milk data collection (5th–25th day pp) [ 82 ]. The values were higher in early transitional milk (4.48–5.59 g/100 mL) as compared to other studies (2.6–3.08 g/100 mL) reporting late transitional milk.…”

“…All these transitional milk studies collected sample between the 5th and 15th day pp, were mostly from women who belonged to low SES, resided in different regions of the country and used different methods of estimation. A majority of earlier studies used Kjeldahl [ 55 , 72 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 83 ] whereas latter studies used Lowry method [ 84 , 85 ] and milk analyzer [ 87 , 90 ]. Along with differences in SES and analytical methods, the phase of milk collection within the same lactational stage may be an important factor influencing nutrient composition.…”

“…From this review, only three studies assessed the association between maternal haemoglobin and milk macronutrient composition [ 69 , 83 , 90 ]. Two publications reported no significant effect of maternal haemoglobin on breastmilk macronutrient composition [ 69 , 83 ].…”

“…The units reported by all the above studies was either g/100 mL or g/100 g or% of nutrient in human milk. Since these units are comparable, all 34 records were included in the review ( Supplementary Table S1 ) [ 43 , 49 , 55 , 58 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. One article published in 1958 reported data from two studies [ 43 ].…”

“…Data from both studies were considered and treated as P1 ( n = 6) and P2 ( n = 40). Control group data (with no disease condition) was included from 4 studies which reported milk macronutrients from mothers with a disease condition (Beri-Beri [ 63 ], with children suffering with kwashiorkor [ 64 ], pregnancy induced complication [ 86 ], anaemia [ 90 ]). Supplementation studies that included non-supplemented control groups were also included [ 74 ].…”