Analysis of Variance Combined with Optimized Gradient Boosting Machines for Enhanced Load Recognition in Home Energy Management Systems

Abstract

Load recognition remains not comprehensively explored in Home Energy Management Systems (HEMSs). There are gaps in current approaches to load recognition, such as enhancing appliance identification and increasing the overall performance of the load-recognition system through more robust models. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach based on the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) F-test combined with SelectKBest and gradient-boosting machines (GBMs) for load recognition. The proposed approach improves the feature selection and consequently aids inter-class separability. Further, we optimized GBM models, such as the histogram-based gradient-boosting machine (HistGBM), light gradient-boosting machine (LightGBM), and XGBoost (extreme gradient boosting), to create a more reliable load-recognition system. Our findings reveal that the ANOVA–GBM approach achieves greater efficiency in training time, even when compared to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a higher number of features. ANOVA–XGBoost is approximately 4.31 times faster than PCA–XGBoost, ANOVA–LightGBM is about 5.15 times faster than PCA–LightGBM, and ANOVA–HistGBM is 2.27 times faster than PCA–HistGBM. The general performance results expose the impact on the overall performance of the load-recognition system. Some of the key results show that the ANOVA–LightGBM pair reached 96.42% accuracy, 96.27% F1, and a Kappa index of 0.9404; the ANOVA–HistGBM combination achieved 96.64% accuracy, 96.48% F1, and a Kappa index of 0.9434; and the ANOVA–XGBoost pair attained 96.75% accuracy, 96.64% F1, and a Kappa index of 0.9452; such findings overcome rival methods from the literature. In addition, the accuracy gain of the proposed approach is prominent when compared straight to its competitors. The higher accuracy gains were 13.09, 13.31, and 13.42 percentage points (pp) for the pairs ANOVA–LightGBM, ANOVA–HistGBM, and ANOVA–XGBoost, respectively. These significant improvements highlight the effectiveness and refinement of the proposed approach.