Analytical developments in toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault

Negrusz, Adam; Gaensslen, R. E.

doi:10.1007/s00216-003-1896-z

Cited by 94 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…One of the most important issues in DFSA investigations is the sensitivity of the screening and confirmatory techniques because some of the compounds (e.g., BZPs) are typically used in a single low dose (16,17 ). Kintz et al (18 ) demonstrated that the LC-MS and gas chromatography (GC)-negative chemical ionization-MS/MS techniques are the most sensitive for detecting low quantities of the drug metabolite 7-aminoflunitrazepam several days after administration of flunitrazepam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Low Concentrations of 21 Benzodiazepines, Metabolites, and Analogs in Urine: Method with Forensic Applications

et al. 2006

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Low Concentrations of 21 Benzodiazepines, Metabolites, and Analogs in Urine: Method with Forensic Applications

et al. 2006

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“…Clonazepam (5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, i) has been identified as one of the more common benzodiazepines that has been used illegally [16,17] and has been reported in cases of sexual assault [18]. It is one of the more potent 1,4-benzodiazepines and is prescribed for the treatment of a wide range of afflictions such as sleep disturbance, depression [19], anxiety and panic disorders [20], forms of parasomnia [21], obsessive-compulsive disorder [22], seizures [23], certain types of migraines [24] and epilepsy [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a voltammetric assay, using screen-printed electrodes, for clonazepam and its application to beverage and serum samples

Honeychurch

Brooks

Hart

2016

Talanta

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Development of a voltammetric assay, using screen-printed electrodes, for clonazepam and its application to beverage and serum samples. Talanta, 147. pp. 510-515. ISSN 0039-9140 Available from: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/27297We recommend you cite the published version. The publisher's URL is: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.032Refereed: Yes (no note) Disclaimer UWE has obtained warranties from all depositors as to their title in the material deposited and as to their right to deposit such material. UWE makes no representation or warranties of commercial utility, title, or fitness for a particular purpose or any other warranty, express or implied in respect of any material deposited. UWE makes no representation that the use of the materials will not infringe any patent, copyright, trademark or other property or proprietary rights. UWE accepts no liability for any infringement of intellectual property rights in any material deposited but will remove such material from public view pending investigation in the event of an allegation of any such infringement. AbstractThis paper describes the development of an electrochemical assay based on screen-printed carbon sensors for the determination of clonazepam in serum and in wine. The cyclic voltammetric behaviour of the drug was investigated and the effects of pH and scan rate on the peak current and peak potential determined. Two reduction peaks were recorded on the initial negative going scan, which were considered to result from the 2e -, 2H + reduction of the 4,5-azomethine and from the 4e -, 4H + reduction of the 7-NO 2 to a hydroxylamine. On the return positive going scan an oxidation peak was seen, which was considered to result from the 2e -, 2H + oxidation (O1) of the hydroxylamine to the corresponding nitroso species.At pH 11 the solution of clonazepam was found to turn from clear to yellow in colour and the voltammetric signal of the O1 oxidation process was found to be adsorptive in nature, this was exploited in the development of an adsorptive stripping voltammetric assay.Experimental conditions were then optimised for the differential pulse adsorptive voltammetric measurement of clonazepam in wine and serum samples. It was shown that these analyses could be performed on only 100 µL of sample which was deposited on the sensor surface. Mean recoveries of 79.53 % (%CV = 9.88 %) and 88.22 % (%CV = 14.1 %) 2 were calculated for wine fortified with 3.16 µg/mL and serum fortified with 12.6 µg/mL respectively.

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“…In the last 15 years GHB (and its related analogues such as gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)) has been linked to cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), more commonly termed "date-rape" (7)(8)(9)(10). In such cases toxicological proof of GHB administration is difficult due to its endogenous nature (0.2 -1 mg/L in urine), and rapid elimination from the body (half-life 20 -45 min), which results in a return to baseline concentrations in urine after only 8 hours post-administration (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in Serum Growth Hormone Concentrations Associated with GHB Administration

et al. 2016

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The administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been reported to augment the increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion associated with the onset of sleep. The ability of GHB to stimulate GH production in the absence of sleep in both male and female volunteers was investigated as part of a GHB administration study.Twelve healthy volunteers (6 men and 6 women) were given a small oral dose (25 mg/kg) of GHB (as Xyrem®) at 10:00 h. Basal blood samples (as serum) were taken 10 min prior to GHB administration, with additional samples taken at 10,15,20,25,30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 360 and 480 min post-administration. The serum concentrations of GHB were measured by GC-MS and GH by immunometric assay.Following GHB administration, volunteers exhibited effects consistent with mild sedation, i.e. relaxed with normal responses to verbal stimuli. Despite none being asleep, an increase in serum GH concentration occurred in 11 out of the 12 volunteers (5 women and 6 men). In these volunteers, peak GH concentrations occurred 45 -60 min post-administration compared to a mean serum t max for GHB of 23 min (sd = 5.4 min). The absolute increase in GH was similar for the men and women, averaging 3.4 ng/mL and 3.7 ng/mL respectively. The mean intra-individual increase in GH was much greater in males (29 times) compared with females (2 times), as males had (as expected) lower basal GH concentrations (mean = 0.26 ng/mL) compared to females (mean = 5.4 ng/mL). After maximising, the GH C max decreased rapidly (in agreement with GHB concentrations), returning to basal concentrations at around 90 -120 min post-administration. GHB administration at low therapeutic concentrations results in increases in serum GH concentrations in healthy male and female volunteers in the absence of sleep onset.3

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Analytical developments in toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault

Cited by 94 publications

References 40 publications

Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Low Concentrations of 21 Benzodiazepines, Metabolites, and Analogs in Urine: Method with Forensic Applications

Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Low Concentrations of 21 Benzodiazepines, Metabolites, and Analogs in Urine: Method with Forensic Applications

Development of a voltammetric assay, using screen-printed electrodes, for clonazepam and its application to beverage and serum samples

Increases in Serum Growth Hormone Concentrations Associated with GHB Administration

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