Analytical Eco-Scale for Evaluating the Greenness of Advanced Voltammetric Method Used for the Simultaneous Analysis of Combined Urinary Tract Infection Drugs in Different Matrices

Abstract

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (PHZ) and Trimethoprim (TMP) are formulated together to treat urinary tract infections. The current work describes the first electrochemical sensor to simultaneously determine PHZ and TMP with good anodic peak potential separation. A rapid, simple and sensitive electrochemical oxidation based on using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and sugar polymer (PS) as modifier carbon paste (CNT/PS/MCPE) is described. Under optimized conditions and by using square wave voltammetry, a wide linearity range of 2×10-7 M to 1 ×10-4 M was obtained for both drugs with good recovery in pH 7. The high sensitivity and good reproducibility enabled using the modified electrode to determine PHZ and TMP in pharmaceutical formulation, human serum and urine. The proposed voltammetric method was statistically compared with the reported spectrophotometric method and the results obtained indicate no significant differences. Moreover, the fabricated sensor was applicable for the determination of PHZ and TMP in presence of common interfering molecules, ascorbic acid and uric acid which can be present in the plasma and urine. Analytical Eco-scale was applied to evaluate the greenness of the proposed voltammetric method.

Novel Carbon Nanotubes/Gold Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrochemical Sensor for Antazoline Determination in Aqueous Humor

“…The electrode body hole was packed with carbon paste prepared (diameter of 3.0 mm) and then the shiny appearance achieved after smoothing it on a filter paper. 15 Preparation of MW-CNT modified CPE.-In a mortar, 5.0 mg of MWCNT was mixed with 995.0 mg graphite powder using pestle adding 0.6 ml of paraffin oil to achieve homogeneous paste then electrode body hole was packed and then the shiny appearance achieved after smoothing it on a filter paper.…”

“…The main functions of metal nanoparticles in electroanalysis involve the toughening of the conductive sensing interface and the catalytic properties of nanoparticles allowing their expansion with metals and the electrical contact of redox-centers in proteins with the surface of the transducers. [8][9][10] Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) [11][12][13] and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 14,15 have been a point of focus in recent years as their combination together permit an effective electronic transfer due to their exceptional properties such as high surface area, low detection limits, high selectivity and marked fast response. Thus, in order to enhance sensitivity of the developed electrode, MWCNT/ CPE was modified by electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles onto CPE surface.…”

“…Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been used in the modification of carbon paste electrodes as they promote effective electron transfer in electro -analytical chemistry. 15 CNT's high surface area results in several advantages such as quick responses, high sensitivity and selectivity. 36 CNT bio -applications have been of a high interest nano material to be used for modification of the electrodes in electro-analysis of biomolecules.…”