Analytical methods for amatoxins: A comprehensive review

Barbosa, I.R.; Domingues, Cátia; Ramos, Fernando; Barbosa, Rui M.

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115421

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…The development of chromatographic methods in the 1950s and 1960s made it possible to separate and isolate a wide variety of molecules, mainly of plant origin, and then to determine them semi-quantitatively and later quantitatively. Today, one-third of the publications containing amatoxin determinations provide data on mushrooms, and two-thirds provide biological samples from mushroom poisonings [21]. Two-thirds of the applied analytical methods are of the chromatographic type, and one-third are not based on chromatographic methods.…”

Section: Chromatographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stijve et al [21] developed a fast and sensitive HPTLC for the determination of αand β-amanitin in the methanolic extract of A. phalloides. The next stage of chromatographic toxin analysis is the development of the HPLC method, to which different detectors can be connected.…”

Section: Chromatographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Summarizing the above, it can be concluded that changes to the list of amatoxincontaining species can be expected because of new research and even documented cases of poisoning around the world: new species may be added, or it may even happen that one species is removed from the list [17]. Based on the literature [2,3,10,16,[20][21][22][23][24], the currently "valid" list of toxin-containing species is compiled in Table 1, taking the official Latin names and descriptors of the mushrooms from the Index Fungorum database [23].…”

Section: Amanitin-producing Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We would like to clarify the sure recognition and identification of the mushroom with Figure 2, where its three characteristic features are highlighted: the joint presence of the always white gills, of the ring, and of the volva indicates that the mushroom is the death cap. [2,3,10,16,[20][21][22][23][24][25]).…”

Section: Amanitin-producing Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structures of the derivatives differ based on the number of OH groups and the replacement of carboxyl-amide groups in the R 3 -position. Three amino acids (amino acid derivatives) with an unusual structure occur: 4-hydroxyproline, dihydroxy-isoleucine, and 6-hydroxy-triptophan [21]. The amino acid sequence of α-amanitin is Ile-Trp-Gly-Ile-Gly-Cys-Asn-Pro, and that for β-amanitin is Ile-Trp-Gly-Ile-Gly-Cys-Asp-Pro.…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amanitins: The Most Poisonous Molecules of the Fungal World

Vetter

2023

Molecules

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Among the toxic metabolites of the fungal world, those that, due to their strong biological effect, can seriously (even fatally) damage the life processes of humans (and certain groups of animals) stand out. Amatoxin-containing mushrooms and the poisonings caused by them stand out from the higher fungi, the mushrooms. There are already historical data and records about such poisonings, but scientific research on the responsible molecules began in the middle of the last century. The goals of this review work are as follows: presentation of the cosmopolitan mushroom species that produce amanitins (which are known from certain genera of four mushroom families), an overview of the chemical structure and specific properties of amanitins, a summary of the analytical methods applicable to them, a presentation of the “medical history” of poisonings, and a summary of the therapeutic methods used so far. The main responsible molecules (the amanitins) are bicyclic octapeptides, whose structure is characterized by an outer loop and an inner loop (bridge). It follows from the unusual properties of amanitins, especially their extreme stability (against heat, the acidic pH of the medium, and their resistance to human, and animal, digestive enzymes), that they are absorbed almost without hindrance and quickly transported to our vital organs. Adding to the problems is that accidental consumption causes no noticeable symptoms for a few hours (or even 24–36 h) after consumption, but the toxins already damage the metabolism of the target organs and the synthesis of nucleic acid and proteins. The biochemical catastrophe of the cells causes irreversible structural changes, which lead to necrotic damage (in the liver and kidneys) and death. The scientific topicality of the review is due to the recent publication of new data on the probable antidote molecule (ICR: indocyanine green) against amanitins. Further research can provide a new foundation for the therapeutic treatment of poisonings, and the toxicological situation, which currently still poses a deadly threat, could even be tamed into a controllable problem. We also draw attention to the review conclusions, as well as the mycological and social tasks related to amanitin poisonings (prevention of poisonings).

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Section: Chromatographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chromatographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%