Analytical Methods used for the detection and quantification of benzodiazepines

Abstract

The prescription of psychotropic drugs, especially benzodiazepines (BZDs), occupies a preponderant place in the management of mental illnesses. Indeed, the BZDs have been used in different therapeutic areas including insomnia, anxiety, seizure disorders, or general anesthesia. Unfortunately, these drugs are present in the illegal street market, leading to a lot of drug abuse amongst some addicted users, road insecurity, and suicide. Hence, it has become essential to analyze the BZDs drugs in human biological specimens for drug abuse in forensic sciences. The present review provides a summary of sample preparation techniques (solidphase extraction and Liquid-liquid phase extraction) and the methods for the detection and quantification of BZDs molecules inthe commonly used biological specimens over the ten last years which may potentially lead to better and accurate evaluation of the physiological state of a given person. The commonly used methods for the detection and quantification of BZDs include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), chromatography (GC-MS, HPLC, and TLC), immunoassay (ELISA, RIA, LFA, CEDEA, FPIA, and KIMS), and electroanalytical methods (voltammetry and potentiometry).

Citrate capped silver nanoparticles as an instantaneous colorimetric selective sensor for neomycin and thiamine in wastewater

“…Although cross-reactions may impair the precision and detection accuracy of such assays, a high detection threshold stands as a barrier and insists to find out other better methods. 25–27 Thus, the development of simple, cost-effective, and expeditious methods for their easy detection is warmly welcomed. Colorimetric detection has been regarded as a compatible, quick, and highly reliable technique with on-site monitoring.…”

Polystyrene nanofibers as an effective sorbent for the adsorption of clonazepam: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

“…The importance of sample pretreatment is reflected in its significant influence on the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of the qualitative or quantitative analysis. 3 It is the key factor that determines the reliability of the analysis results and even determines the feasibility of subsequent analyses. Among various sample pretreatment methods, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is the most used technique.…”

Selective simultaneous ultra-performance liquid chromatographic quantification of some benzodiazepines drug residues in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater

“…It also has greater sensitivity and specificity than procedures based on spectrophotometry [16]. A comprehensive survey has revealed the scarcity of articles based on the UPLC quantification of the studied benzodiazepine drug residues in water effluents from the drug manufacturing industry [17]. The main objective of the work was centered on optimization and validation of an accurate UPLC procedure, which can be applied to separate, detect, and quantify BRZ and DZP in water effluents from the drug industry after their pretreatment using solid-phase extraction (SPE).…”