“…A similar phenomenon was also observed by Bernal (1992Bernal ( , 1998 in the study that estimated the response of a multi-DOF system using an equivalent single-DOF system, which was further developed by Adam et al (2004). Efforts were made to track the progressive collapse (Kiakojouri et al, 2020;Kiakojouri et al, 2021) accurately and efficiently (Scott and Fenves, 2010;Lin et al, 2018), including experiments on full-scale four-story and reduced-scale eighteen-story specimens using E-Defense, which is the largest shake table in the world (Nakashima et al, 2018;Nishi et al, 2023).…”