Analytical procedures for short chain chlorinated paraffins determination - How to make them greener?

Kalinowska, Kaja; Lenartowicz, Paweł; Namieśnik, Jacek; Marć, Mariusz

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.312

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…7 Due to the compositional complexity and the lack of single standards of CPs, as well as the fact that the instrument response of CPs depends on both the chlorination content and CP concentration, in previous works concerning the determination of CPs in environmental or biological samples, the quantification process was mostly developed by the single point quantitative method based on chlorine content. 21,34,35 ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were determined and calculated in these studies and contents of CP homologues were subsequently calculated by their relative response factors. However, in the sampling rate calibration method of in vivo SPME, it is not feasible to calculate R s values of ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs for CP quantification in living organisms.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Profiling and Quantification of Chlorinated Paraffin Homologues in Living Fish

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Herein, we demonstrate the ability of a dual-purpose periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) probe to track the complex chlorinated paraffin (CP) composition in living animals by assembling it as an adsorbent-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (APCI-FT-ICR-MS) platform and synchronously performing it as the in vivo sampling device. First, synchronous solvent-free ionization and in-source thermal desorption of CP homologues were achieved by the introduction of the PMO adsorbent-assisted APCI module, generating exclusive adduct ions ([M − H] − ) of individual CP homologues (C n Cl m ) with enhanced ionization efficiency. Improved detection limits of short-and medium-chain CPs (0.10−24 and 0.48−5.0 pg/μL) were achieved versus those of the chloride-anion attachment APCI-MS methods. Second, the dual-purpose PMO probe was applied to extract the complex CP compositions in living animals, following APCI-FT-ICR-MS analysis. A modified pattern-deconvolution algorithm coupled with the sampling-rate calibration method was used for the quantification of CPs in living fish. In vivo quantification of a tilapia exposed to technical CPs for 7 days was successfully achieved, with ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs of the sampled fish calculated to be 1108 ± 289 and 831 ± 266 μg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, 58 potential CP metabolites were identified in living fish for the first time during in vivo sampling of CPs, a capacity that could provide an important tool for future study regarding its expected risks to humans and its environmental fate.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Profiling and Quantification of Chlorinated Paraffin Homologues in Living Fish

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Furthermore, a number of studies conducted on landfills in China have focused on SCCP concentration that are determined in soil and sediment samples of e-waste dismantling areas than in landfill leachate and sediment samples. Different research studies have shown that concentrations of SCCPs in e-waste dismantling areas are significantly higher than in other sampling areas (Kalinowska et al 2019). Yuan et al (2017a) determined the highest concentrations of SCCPs in soils of an e-waste dismantling area, and ∑SCCP concentration ranged from 30.4 to 530 ng g −1 dw.…”

Section: Consumer Productsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Concentrations of SCCPs in soil samples were higher than in sediment samples, which were attributed to the distance between sampling points around the e-waste dismantling centres. Concentrations of SCCPs in soil and sediment samples may vary based on factors such as land-use type, proximity to sources and soil profile (Kalinowska et al 2019).…”

Section: Consumer Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

Nevondo

Okonkwo

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been applied as additives in a wide range of consumer products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, mining conveyor belts, paints, sealants, adhesives and as flame retardants. Consequently, CPs have been found in many matrices. Of all the CP groups, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have raised an alarming concern globally due to their toxicity, persistence and long-range transportation in the environment. As a result, SCCPs were listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in May 2017. Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released into the environment throughout their life cycle; therefore, it becomes crucial to assess their effects in different matrices. Although about 199 studies on SCCP concentration in different matrices have been published in other continents; however, there are scarce/or limited studies on SCCP concentration in Africa, particularly on consumer products, landfill leachates and sediment samples. So far, published studies on SCCP concentration in the continent include SCCPs in egg samples, e-waste recycling area and indoor dust in Ghana and South Africa, despite absence of any production of SCCPs in Africa. However, there still remains a huge research gap in the continent of Africa on SCCPs. Consequently, there is a need to develop robust SCCP inventories in Africa since the Stockholm Convention has already developed guidance document in this respect. This review, therefore, examines the state of knowledge pertaining to the levels and trends of these contaminants in Africa and further provides research gaps that need to be considered in order to better understand the global scale of the contaminant.

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“…When compared to conventional heating methods, Sajid et al [68] stated that using comparatively greener energy sources such as microwave and ultrasound for extraction can reduce the impact on the environment and the analyst. Kalinowaski et al [69] proposed a solution based on the green analytical chemistry principle: large volumes of analytical waste should be avoided, and proper management of analytical waste should be pro-vided, which includes optimising extraction and clean-up stages using mathematical and statistical modelling.…”

Section: Suspension Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-Phase Extraction of Active Compounds from Natural Products by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Synthesis and Extraction Parameters

et al. 2021

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymers with a predetermined selectivity for a particular analyte or group of structurally related compounds, making them ideal materials for separation processes. Hence, in sample preparation, MIPs are chosen as an excellent material to provide selectivity. Moreover, its use in solid-phase extraction, also referred to as molecular imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE), is well regarded. In recent years, many papers have been published addressing the utilization of MIPs or MISPE as sorbents in natural product applications, such as synthesis. This review describes the synthesis and characterization of MIPs as a tool in natural product applications.

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Analytical procedures for short chain chlorinated paraffins determination - How to make them greener?

Cited by 12 publications

References 82 publications

In Vivo Profiling and Quantification of Chlorinated Paraffin Homologues in Living Fish

In Vivo Profiling and Quantification of Chlorinated Paraffin Homologues in Living Fish

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

Solid-Phase Extraction of Active Compounds from Natural Products by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Synthesis and Extraction Parameters

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