“…Besides when a vehicle passes through the switches and crossings (S&C, turnout) (Bezin et al, 2022; Wang et al, 2021) or voided sleeper, the dynamic wheel-rail contact force will increase and lead to the vehicle’s derailment. Many researchers have developed various kinds of track models (Pålsson et al, 2021; Sun et al, 2022) to study the influence of turnout and the wear mechanism between the wheel/rail contact (Kisilowski and Kowalik, 2021; Milosevic et al, 2022). The corresponding condition monitoring methods related to the bogie (Lai et al, 2021) and other grinding schemes (Lin et al, 2021) are proposed.…”