Analyzing acute and daily load parameters in match situations – a comparison of classic and 3 × 3 basketball

Willberg, Christina; Wellm, Dennis; Behringer, Michael; Zentgraf, Karen

doi:10.1177/17479541211067989

Cited by 14 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…When compared to the results obtained in the present investigation, it is interesting to note that 3×3 basketball players demonstrated somewhat poorer agility and better sprinting performance than 5×5 players examined in the aforementioned studies [ 4 , 27 ]. This may be attributed to the differences in testing methodologies (e.g., timing gates vs. stopwatch) and on-court playing demands between these two competitive styles as 3×3 basketball players are required to continuously perform high-speed inertial movements that ultimately result in a greater number of accelerations, decelerations, and distance covered at high-intensity thresholds [ 2 , 28 ]. In addition, the times to complete the shuttle run (i.e., formerly known as the suicide run) were faster for 3×3 basketball players examined in the present study when compared to collegiate elite and average-level 5×5 basketball players [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Performance Characteristics of 3×3 Professional Male Basketball Players

Čabarkapa

Krsman²,

Cabarkapa

et al. 2023

Sports

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Despite exponential growth in popularity over the last decade and recently becoming an Olympic sport, the amount of scientific literature focused on depicting a profile of successful 3×3 basketball players is sparse. Thus, the purpose of this study was to present the physical and performance characteristics of professional 3×3 male basketball players and how they differ between elite and non-elite athletes. The anthropometrics, vertical jump, agility, and sprint performance parameters collected from ten players during regular training sessions were (x¯ ± SD): height (193.7 ± 4.5 cm), weight (89.2 ± 4.1 cm), wingspan (196.5 ± 5.2 cm), squat jump (43.5 ± 4.6 cm), countermovement jump with (53.3 ± 4.4 cm) and without an arm swing (46.3 ± 4.0 cm), reactive strength index (2.4 ± 0.3 m/s), t-test (10.3 ± 0.3 s), 505 drill (2.4 ± 0.2 s), 10 m sprint (1.5 ± 0.1 s), 30 m sprint (4.0 ± 0.3 s), shuttle run (27.7 ± 1.7 s), and bench press (98.2 ± 10.0 kg) and back squat (139.5 ± 17.6 kg) one repetition maximum. Additionally, the average and maximal heart rate (HR) responses during simulated games were 160.6 ± 8.0 and 188.5 ± 6.3 bpm, with players spending 6.3 ± 4.2, 11.4 ± 5.2, 13.9 ± 3.5, 26.4 ± 10.4, and 42.1 ± 10.0% of the total time in HR Zones 1–5, respectively. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences in the aforementioned physical and performance parameters were noted between elite and non-elite players. Overall, the findings of the present study provide coaches, sports scientists, and strength and conditioning practitioners with information that can aid in the athlete selection process, detection of areas for further improvement, and development of training regimens that resemble 3×3 basketball on-court competitive demands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Performance Characteristics of 3×3 Professional Male Basketball Players

Čabarkapa

Krsman²,

Cabarkapa

et al. 2023

Sports

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“…In 3x3, Montgomery and Maloney (2018) reported that 17% of males' and 13% of females' total accelerations are highspeed movements, de ned as accelerations with more than 3.5 m*s − 1 . The number of decelerations exceeds the number of accelerations in moderate (> 2.5 m*s − 1 ) and high-speed movements in males and females 1,12 . Within a single 3x3 game, female athletes perform 33.53 (± 13.76) DEC and 32.75 (± 13.85), male athletes perform 44.16 (± 18) DEC and 33.92 (± 14.59) ACC.…”

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confidence: 84%

“…Another parameter that might affect the musculoskeletal system is the jump count since the athletes need to generate concentric force to lift off the ground and they need to resist eccentric forces during landing. Willberg et al (2022) reported 3x3 male athletes to perform 21.8 (± 8.5) jumps per game (1.7 per minute) and females to perform 16.6 (± 7.5) jumps per game (1.4 per minute) 12 .…”

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confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between External and Internal Load Parameters in 3x3 Basketball Tournaments

Willberg

Wieland

Rettenmaier

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: 3x3 basketball games are characterized by high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and a high number of changes of direction and jumps. It is played in tournament form with multiple games per day. Therefore, optimal regeneration is crucial for maintaining a high performance level over the course of the tournament. To elucidate how load of a match affects the athletes' bodies (i.e., internal load), muscular responses to the load of 3x3 games were analyzed. We aimed to investigate changes in contractility of the m. rectus femoris (RF) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GC) in response to the load of single 3x3 games and a 3x3 tournament.Methods: Inertial movement analysis was conducted to capture game load in 3x3. Changes in contractility were measured using tensiomyography (TMG). During a two-day tournament, TMG measurements were conducted in the morning and after each game. Additionally, off-game performance analysis consisting of jump and change-of-direction (COD) tests was conducted the day before the tournament.Results: External load correlated significantly to changes in contraction velocity in GC, but not in RF. There was no significant correlation between maximum radial displacement of the muscle and external load variables in GC and RF. Athletes of the RF group responded with either decreased or increased muscle contractility after a single 3x3 game. Concerning off-game performance, small to no correlations can be reported when analyzing TMG parameters, COD time, and jump height. No systematic changes in muscle contractility were found over the course of the tournament in RF and GC.Conclusion: The athletes' external 3x3 game load and their performance level did not affect muscular contractility after a single 3x3 game or a complete 3x3 tournament, indicating that elite athletes can resist external load without relevant local muscular fatigue. With respect to the course of the tournament, it can therefore be concluded that the breaks between games are sufficient to return to the initial level of muscle contractility.

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“…The authors reported that 17% of males’ and 13% of females' total ACC are high-speed movements, defined as ACC with more than 3.5 m*s −2 . The number of DEC exceeds the number of ACC in moderate (> 2.5 m*s −2 ) and high-speed movements in males and females [ 1 , 13 ]. Within a single 3 × 3 game, female athletes perform 33.53 (± 13.76) DEC and 32.75 ACC (± 13.85), while male athletes perform 44.16 (± 18) DEC and 33.92 (± 14.59) ACC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On average, the jump count in male 3 × 3 games is 21.8 (± 8.5), with 1.7 jumps being performed per minute. Female jumps count is 16.6 (± 7.5) jumps per game, and 1.4 jumps are performed per minute [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments

Willberg

Wieland

Rettenmaier

et al. 2022

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Purpose 3 × 3 basketball games are characterized by high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and a high number of changes of direction and jumps. It is played in tournament form with multiple games per day. Therefore, optimal regeneration is crucial for maintaining a high performance level over the course of the tournament. To elucidate how load of a match affects the athletes' bodies (i.e., internal load), muscular responses to the load of 3 × 3 games were analyzed. We aimed to investigate changes in contractility of the m. rectus femoris (RF) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GC) in response to the load of single 3 × 3 games and a 3 × 3 tournament. Methods Inertial movement analysis was conducted to capture game load in 3 × 3. Changes in contractility were measured using tensiomyography (TMG). During a two-day tournament, TMG measurements were conducted in the morning and after each game. Additionally, off-game performance analysis consisting of jump and change-of-direction (COD) tests was conducted the day before the tournament. Results Significant changes of the muscle contractility were found for GC with TMG values being higher in the baseline than in the post-game measurements. In contrast to athletes of the GC group, athletes of the RF group responded with either decreased or increased muscle contractility after a single 3 × 3 game. A significant correlation between external and internal load parameters could not be shown. Concerning off-game performance, significant correlations can be reported for COD test duration, CMJ height and ∆Vc as well as COD test duration and ∆Dm. No systematic changes in muscle contractility were found over the course of the tournament in RF and GC. Conclusion The athletes' external 3 × 3 game load and their performance level did not seem to affect muscular contractility after a single 3 × 3 game or a complete 3 × 3 tournament within this investigation. This might indicate that elite athletes can resist external load without relevant local muscular fatigue. With respect to the course of the tournament, it can therefore be concluded that the breaks between games seem to be sufficient to return to the initial level of muscle contractility.

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Analyzing acute and daily load parameters in match situations – a comparison of classic and 3 × 3 basketball

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

Physical and Performance Characteristics of 3×3 Professional Male Basketball Players

Physical and Performance Characteristics of 3×3 Professional Male Basketball Players

The Relationship Between External and Internal Load Parameters in 3x3 Basketball Tournaments

The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments

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