Analyzing Emerging Trends in Wireless Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs): A Bibliometric Study

Syifaul Fuada,; Mariella Särestöniemi,; Marcos Katz,

doi:10.3991/ijoe.v20i04.46559

Cited by 4 publications

References 79 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Optical Wireless Power Transmission Through Biological Tissue Using Commercial Photovoltaic Cells Under 810 nm LEDs: Feasibility Study

Fuada,

Perera,

Särestöniemi

et al. 2024

Communications in Computer and Information Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ensuring the provision of sustainable and secure electrical power for ingestible/implantable medical devices (IMDs) is crucial for facilitating the multifaceted capabilities of these IMDs and preventing the need for recurrent battery replacements. Using photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting in conjunction with an external light source can be advantageous for an optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) system to enable energy self-sufficiency in IMDs. This study investigates the performance of OWPT using commercial monocrystalline silicon PV cells exposed to an 810 nm Near-infrared (NIR) LED light. The ethical concerns are addressed by utilizing porcine samples (ex vivo approach), eliminating the need for live animal experimentation. The experimental setup employs porcine meat samples with several compositions, e.g., pure fat, pure muscle, and different layers of fat-muscle. The primary goal of this initial study is to analyze the open-circuit voltage output (VOC) of the PV against received optical power in the presence of biological tissue. Our study demonstrates that PV cells can generate voltage even when exposed to light passing through porcine samples with a thickness of up to 30 mm. Furthermore, the VOC values of PV cells attained in this study meet the required voltage input level for supplying current IMDs, typically ranging from 2V to 3V. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into OWPT systems in the future, where monocrystalline silicon PV cells can be employed as energy harvester devices to supply various IMDs utilizing NIR light.

show abstract

Optical Wireless Power Transmission Through Biological Tissue Using Commercial Photovoltaic Cells Under 810 nm LEDs: Feasibility Study

Fuada,

Perera,

Särestöniemi

et al. 2024

Communications in Computer and Information Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Experimental Study of In-Body Devices Misalignment Impact on Light-Based In-Body Communications

Fuada,

Särestöniemi,

Katz

et al. 2024

Communications in Computer and Information Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Optical wireless communication (OWC) has emerged as a promising technology for implantable medical devices because it provides private and secure wireless links for patients, low-power consumption, and high-speed data transmission. The OWC system’s receiving end typically relies on a photodetector with a limited field-of-view, necessitating direct line-of-sight connections for effective transmission. The directional nature of light-tissue interaction on the in-body communication can be problematic as the quality of the optical signal is rapidly deteriorated due to the properties of biological tissues, including scattering, absorption, and reflection, leading to a substantial loss of optical beam power reaching the photodetector’s sensitive area. In this sense, any misalignment that occurs in the in-body device can directly impact the power level and further degrade the received signal quality. Numerous studies have been conducted on this topic in free-space environments; nevertheless, only a few results have been found for in-body cases. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the impact of the in-body device misalignment on the OWC-based in-body communication system. Three cases were investigated: aligned systems, as well as lateral and angular misalignments. We considered an 810 nm Near-infrared (NIR) LED as a transmitter because the optical signal of the mentioned wavelength propagates better than other wavelengths through biological tissues. For the experiments, we used pure muscle and fat tissues with 15 mm thickness at different temperatures (23 ℃ and 37 ℃). We also tested with thicker meat samples (30 mm, 38 mm, and 40 mm, consisting of muscle + fat layers) at 37 ℃. This study adhered to ANSI.Z136.1–2007 safety standards. First, the results reveal that optical power still reaches the receiver in an aligned reference case at a meat thickness of 40 mm. Second, the in-body device misalignment significantly degrades the optical power density received, which is more pronounced under lateral than angular conditions. These misalignment effects must be carefully considered for further system enhancement when using OWC for the in-body communication system.

show abstract

Study on Fat as the Propagation Medium in Optical-Based In-Body Communications

Fuada,

Särestöniemi,

Katz

et al. 2024

Communications in Computer and Information Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper investigates fat tissue as a medium for communication in implantable/ingestible medical device (IMD) systems based on optical wireless communication (OWC). The findings emphasize the importance of tissue characteristics (temperature in particular) for optimizing OWC performance. This study considered Near-infrared (NIR) light with 810 nm wavelength and fresh porcine samples to mimic the human tissue. The study employs a realistic measurement approach in an ex vivo setting using various porcine samples: pure fat and flesh tissues and samples with different thicknesses. This study also investigates the influence of porcine temperature on the optical communication channels, which are measured by comparing the received optical power at 23 °C and 37 °C. In general, tissue samples at warmer temperatures (37 °C) receive higher optical power than colder samples. The results also demonstrate the superior optical power transmission capabilities of pure fat compared to pure flesh in porcine tissue samples in warm conditions. We also found that porcine with multiple layers of fat (fatty sample) yields higher received optical power than porcine with multiple layers of flesh (muscular). The results of this study provide valuable insights and relevant considerations for OWC-based in-body communication conducted using porcine samples.

show abstract

Analyzing Emerging Trends in Wireless Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs): A Bibliometric Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 79 publications

Optical Wireless Power Transmission Through Biological Tissue Using Commercial Photovoltaic Cells Under 810 nm LEDs: Feasibility Study

Optical Wireless Power Transmission Through Biological Tissue Using Commercial Photovoltaic Cells Under 810 nm LEDs: Feasibility Study

Experimental Study of In-Body Devices Misalignment Impact on Light-Based In-Body Communications

Study on Fat as the Propagation Medium in Optical-Based In-Body Communications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About