Anatomic Study of the Interrelation Between Lumbosacral Nerve Roots and Their Surrounding Tissues

Hasue, Mitsuo; Kikuchi, Shinichi; Sakuyama, Yozo; Ito, Tsukasa

doi:10.1097/00007632-198301000-00010

Cited by 75 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Our values for each sex are generally similar to those measured by Catalina-Herrera (1987). The lack of a significant sexual dimorphism in foramen magnum size-as found in the current study-is consistent with earlier reports showing an absence of larger male vertebral canal dimensions (Eisenstein, 1977;Porter et al, 1978;Hasue et al, 1983;Kikuchi et al, 1984). Weak sexual dimorphism is probably a result of the fact that the size of the spinal cord may be determined by the number of neural elements in the cord (Fox and Wilczynski, 1986) which in turn depends on the number of motor units in peripheral muscles and sensory nerve endings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Variability of Human Foramen Magnum Size

Gruber

Henneberg

Böni

et al. 2009

The Anatomical Record

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The foramen magnum is an important landmark of the skull base and is of particular interest for anthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine, and other medical fields. Despite its importance, few osteometric studies of the foramen magnum have been published so far. A total of 110 transverse and 111 sagittal diameters from Central European male and female dry specimens dating from the Pleistocene to modern times were measured, and related to sex, age, stature, ethnicity, and a possible secular trend. Only a moderate positive correlation between the transverse and the sagittal diameter of the foramen magnum was found. Surprisingly, neither sexual dimorphism, individual age-dependency, nor a secular trend was found for either diameter. Furthermore, the relationship between the individual stature and foramen magnum diameters was weak: thus foramen magnum size cannot be used as reliable indicator for stature estimation. Further consideration of possible factors influencing the variability of human foramen magnum size shall be explored in larger and geographically more diverse samples, thus serving forensic, clinical, anatomical, and anthropological interests in this body part. Anat Rec, 292:1713Rec, 292: -1719Rec, 292: , 2009. V V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: anthropology; forensic medicine; osteometry; Pleistocene; secular trend; skull baseSpinal osteometry is a versatile and important method in many research fields including anthropology and basic medical sciences (Saillant, 1976;Krag et al., 1988;Schaeffer, 1999;Mitra et al., 2002;Ahern, 2005;Muthukumar et al., 2005). The foramen magnum, as a transition zone between spine and skull, plays an important role as a landmark because of its close relationship to key structures such as the brain and the spinal cord. There is a small heterogeneous group of anthropological and medical papers focusing on the foramen magnum: simple morphometric analysis of foramen magnum dimensions (Sendemir et al., 1994), foramen magnum size as a part of human occipital bone biometry (Olivier, 1975), its size relative to sex (Catalina-Herrera, 1987;Uysal et al., 2005), its relationship to the intra-cranial volume (Acer et al., 2006), its relationship to stature (Röthig, 1971), the use of the foramen magnum as an identification mark for fire victims (Holland, 1989), the inter-and intra-variability of the foramen magnum position in different species (Ahern, 2005), foramen magnum-carotid foramina relationship as a probable species diagnostic mark (Schaeffer, 1999), and the foramen magnum region in relation to surgical approaches (Muthukumar et al., 2005).Despite its anatomical and clinical relevance, there is still a lack of basic osteometric studies. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, no study has ever

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Variability of Human Foramen Magnum Size

Gruber

Henneberg

Böni

et al. 2009

The Anatomical Record

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“…Neonates have a very narrow lumbar sac along with very tender meningeal tissue and blood vessels which might facilitate needle trauma. Furthermore, the dura mater displacement provoked by the needle during the puncture might increase the chance of trauma 21,23 . As the cisterna magna is larger than the lumbar sac in neonates, cisternal CSF puncture might prevent trauma of vessels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal cerebrospinal fluid values in full-term gestation and premature neonates

Nascimento‐Carvalho

Moreno-Carvalho²

1998

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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-Results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations from 77 high-risk neonates were reviewed. The mean CSF white cells (WBC) count was 4.5 cell/mm 3 , being two standard deviations above the mean 11.7 cells/ mm 3 in the full-term gestation neonate group; in the premature neonate one, the mean CSF WBC count was 5.1 cells/mm 3 , being two standard deviations above the mean 16.7 cell/mm 3 . PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) were present in less than 40% of those children, being the mean PMN percentage 4.2% and 0.6%, the mean ANC (absolute neutrophil count) was 0.3/mm 3 and 0.06/mm 3 , in full-term gestation neonate group and premature neonate one, respectively. The mean CSF protein concentration is significantly greater in those premature neonates (101.2 mg/dl) compared with that in term neonates (77.6 mg/dl). The average glucose was just the same in both groups (67 mg/dl). All of these values were from patients who underwent nontraumatic cisternal puncture, with no red blood cells (RBC/mm 3 =0). Traumatic puncture, even up to 500 RBC/mm 3 , interfered on CSF parameters.KEY WORDS: cerebrospinal fluid, neonate, cisternal puncture, normal values. Valores normais do líquido cefalorraqueano em recém-nascidos a termo e prematurosRESUMO -Os resultados do estudo do líquido cefalorraqueano realizado em 77 recém-nascidos de alto risco foram revistos. A média da celularidade foi 4,5 células/mm 3 , sendo a soma da média mais 2 desvios-padrão 11,7 células/mm 3 no grupo de crianças a termo; no grupo de crianças prematuras, a média da celularidade foi 5,1 células/mm 3 , sendo a soma da média mais 2 desvios-padrão 16,7 células/mm3. Neutrófilos estavam presentes em menos de 40% dos exames, sendo a média do percentual de neutrófilos 4,2% e 0,6% e a média da contagem absoluta de neutrófilos 0,3/mm 3 e 0,06/mm 3 , no grupo de crianças a termo e no grupo de crianças prematuras, respectivamente. A média da proteína foi maior entre os prematuros (101,2 mg/dl) quando comparada com a média da proteína entre os recém-nascidos a termo (77,6 mg/dl), sendo a diferença estatisticamente significante. A média da glicose foi a mesma nos 2 grupos (67 mg/dl). Todos estes valores foram decorrentes da análise de exames sem acidente de punção (hemácias/mm 3 = 0). Acidente de punção, mesmo com hemácias < 500/mm 3 , interfere nos parâmetros do líquor. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: líquido cefalorraqueano, recém-nascido, punção cisternal, valores normais.Evaluation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell (WBC) count and glucose and protein concentrations is used to assess the probability of the presence of central nervous system (CNS) infection, mainly bacterial, viral and fungal meningitis 1,2 . Although normal values are well established for CSF cell counts and protein and glucose contents in children and adults, this is not the case for neonates 3,4 . Several studies have been conducted in order to determine the range of normal cellularity in noninfected CSF neonates but shortcomings of their methodology were: the inclusion of cases with traumat...

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“…For this reason, Noack and Kirgis [24] suspected an extraforaminal constriction of the nerve root caused by parts of the iliolumbar ligament. While numerous investigations have been conducted on intradural variations of the lumbar nerve roots and their neighboring relationships [12,16,17,22,32], there are hardly any clinical or anatomic studies concerning variations in their extradural course.…”

Section: H Kleihues S Albrecht W Noackmentioning

confidence: 99%