Anatomical and genetic bases underlying the convergent evolution of fleshy and dry dehiscent fruits in Cestrum and Brugmansia (Solanaceae)

Abstract

Background. The mechanisms controlling evolutionary shifts between dry and fleshy fruits in angiosperms are poorly understood. In Solanaceae, Cestrum and Brugmansia represent cases of convergent evolution of fleshy and dry fruits, respectively. Here we study the anatomical and genetic bases of the independent origin of fleshy fruits in Cestrum and the reversion to dry dehiscent fruits in Brugmansia. We also characterize the expression of candidate fruit development genes, including ALCATRAZ/SPATULA, FRUITFULL, HECATE1/2/3, REPLUMLESS and SHATTERPROOF.Methods. We identify anatomical changes to establish developmental stages in the ovary-to-fruit transition in Cestrum nocturnum and Brugmansia suaveolens. We generate reference transcriptomes for both species, isolate homologs for all genes in the fruit genetic regulatory network (GRN) and perform gene expression analyses for ALC/SPT, FUL, HEC1/2/3, RPL and SHP throughout fruit development. Finally, we compare our results to expression patterns found in typical capsules of Nicotiana tabacum and berries of Solanum lycopersicum available in public repositories.Results. We have identified homologous, homoplasious and unique anatomical features in C.nocturnum and B. suaveolens fruits, resulting in their final appearance. Expression patterns suggest that FUL, SHP and SPT might control homologous characteristics, while ALC and RPL likely contribute to homoplasious anatomical features.Conclusions. The convergent anatomical features in Cestrum and Brugmansia fruits are likely the result of changes in ALC and RPL expression patterns. The fruit GRN changes considerably in these genera when compared to typical capsules and berries of Solanaceae, particularly in B. suaveolens, where expression of FUL2 and RPL1 is lacking.

The Evolution of euAPETALA2 Genes in Vascular Plants: From Plesiomorphic Roles in Sporangia to Acquired Functions in Ovules and Fruits

“…To reconstruct the evolution of the euAP2/TOE3 gene lineage across vascular plants we have included sequences from our own generated transcriptomes across flowering plants as follows: for several eudicots including Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae, Hernández-Ciro and Pabón-Mora 2020 ), Coffea arabica , Condaminea corymbosa , Palicourea angustifolia (Rubiaceae, Salazar-Duque, Alzate, Urrea-Trujillo, Ferrandiz and Pabón-Mora In preparation ) and Pilostylesboyacensis (Apodantaceae; González et al. 2020 ); for some monocots including Masdevallia coccinea , Masdevallia wendlandiana , Maxillaria aurea , Miltonia roezlii , Oncidium sp, Stelis pusilla , Tolumnia sp.…”