Anatomical Changes on the Stem and Leaves of Solanum lycopersicum Caused by Different Concentrations of Picloram + 2,4-D, in Two Different Types of Soil

Abstract

Contamination by herbicides with a prolonged effect on the soil can cause anatomical changes in sensitive plants. Thus, this study aimed at verifying the anatomical changes of tomato stem and leaves caused by different concentrations of picloram in two classes of soil from the Amazon region. The study was developed at UNEMAT, Alta Floresta - Mato Grosso state, in a CRD, in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, with four replications. A clayey Rhodic Hapludox (LVAw) and a sandy clay loam Typic Ustipsamments (RQo) were contaminated with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 L ha-1 of Tordon®, leaving the soil exposed to weathering. One-hundred and twenty days after the application of the herbicide, 10 tomato seeds were sown in samples of both soils. Thirty days after sowing, cross sections of stem and leaf were fixed in FAA50, immersed in methacrylate, cut into a rotary microtome and stained with toluidine blue. The thickness of stem and leaf tissues was analyzed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis by the statistical program Sisvar. The increase in the concentration of picloram caused an increase in the thickness of the leaf blade and in the vascular bundle of the leaf in both soils, with greater effect in the LVAw, where there was tissue disorganization, with irregular and quite collapsed lacunar parenchyma cells and large intercellular spaces. There was also an increase in the diameter of the cortex and in the vascular cylinder of the stem up to the concentration of 2 L ha-1, but in the RQo, plants had more flattened cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces. The anatomical structures of the leaf were more affected by this herbicide.

Impact of Lysinibacillus macroides, a potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth, yield and nutritional value of tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. f1 hybrid Sachriya)

“…The transverse section of stem and root of control and the most effective treatment group (compost supplemented with L. macroides) was assessed. PGPR supplementation to S. lycopersicum increases the number and diameter of cortical cells and vascular tissue which could be attributed to the enhanced nutrient and mineral uptake (50,51). Nutrient deficiency and stress leads to reduced size of vascular bundles affecting the overall plant health (52,53).…”

Homeopatic for treatment of cucumber seeds contaminated with auxinic herbicide

“…Para la prueba principal, se determinó un tiempo de dos segundos de exposición de las semillas a la mezcla del herbicida, posteriormente se lavó en agua corriente durante 60 s. La dosis del herbicida (Artys™) se estableció en 0.0625 ml por cada 100 ml de agua destilada, considerada una dosis baja para uso agrícola, pero que puede ser suficiente para causar daños al desarrollo inicial de la especie. Esta dosis se definió a partir de pruebas previas y con base en investigaciones con dosis reducidas de estos herbicidas, realizadas por los autores y publicadas previamente (Nascimento y Yamashita, 2009;Franceschi et al, 2015Franceschi et al, , 2017Batistão et al, 2018;Felito et al, 2019aFelito et al, , 2019b.…”

“…El picloram es una importante molécula herbicida, comercializada bajo diversos productos comerciales en todo el mundo y registrada para varios cultivos (Batistão et al, 2018). Esta molécula se caracteriza por ser extremadamente activa en plantas dicotiledóneas y se utiliza comúnmente en mezclas con otros herbicidas, como el 2,4-D (Rodrigues y Almeida, 2005;Franceschi et al, 2017).…”

“…Esta molécula se caracteriza por ser extremadamente activa en plantas dicotiledóneas y se utiliza comúnmente en mezclas con otros herbicidas, como el 2,4-D (Rodrigues y Almeida, 2005;Franceschi et al, 2017). El picloram puede persistir en el medio ambiente hasta 360 días, causando intoxicación en especies sensibles cultivadas sucesivamente (Santos et al, 2006;Batistão et al, 2018). Además, debido al alto potencial de lixiviación, puede causar contaminación en las aguas subterráneas (Assis et al, 2010).…”

Landrace Maize Varieties Used as Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil with 2,4-D + Picloram

“…However, the herbicide molecule commercialized by the mixture between 2,4-D and picloram can become persistent in the environment, especially when it remains active in the soil, after application. This is due to picloram, which has been reported as a persistent molecule in the environment after long periods (Batistã o et al, 2018). For this reason, information related to its persistence in agricultural systems needs to be taken into account (Franco et al 2014).…”