Anatomy and transcriptomics of the common jingle shell (Bivalvia, Anomiidae) support a sensory function for bivalve tentacles

Abstract

Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms to perceive and interact with the environment that can be translated into different sensory modalities. However, the genomic and phenotypic features that support sensory functions remain enigmatic for many invertebrates, such as bivalves, an ecologically and economically important taxonomic group. No repertoire of sensory genes has been characterized in bivalves, representing a significant knowledge gap in molluscan sensory biology. Here, we gather multiple lines of evidence to explore the specialized sensory function of bivalve tentacles in the common jingle shell, Anomia simplex . In addition to applying microscopy techniques, we performed transcriptome sequencing of dissected tentacles using phylogenetically-informed annotation to identify candidate receptors. Our results demonstrate the expression of candidate GPCRs, including one opsin type, five small-molecule receptors, and 11 chemosensory-related receptors, supporting the involvement of sensory neurons in the organ, likely in association with the ciliated receptor cells observed along the tentacle surface. In addition, we identified seven ionotropic receptors as putative chemosensory receptors and one member of the Piezo mechanosensitive ion channel, which might be involved in touch sensation by ciliated sensory receptors. Our results provide the first evidence of putative sensory genes expressed in a bivalve sensory organ, representing an important starting point to investigate chemosensation in this class. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-83313-7.