Ancient Human Migrations to and through Jammu Kashmir- India were not of Males Exclusively

Abstract

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), the Northern most State of India, has been under-represented or altogether absent in most of the phylogenetic studies carried out in literature, despite its strategic location in the Himalayan region. Nonetheless, this region may have acted as a corridor to various migrations to and from mainland India, Eurasia or northeast Asia. The belief goes that most of the migrations post-late-Pleistocene were mainly male dominated, primarily associated with population invasions, where female migration may thus have been limited. To evaluate female-centered migration patterns in the region, we sequenced 83 complete mitochondrial genomes of unrelated individuals belonging to different ethnic groups from the state. We observed a high diversity in the studied maternal lineages, identifying 19 new maternal sub-haplogroups (HGs). High maternal diversity and our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the migrations post-Pleistocene were not strictly paternal, as described in the literature. These preliminary observations highlight the need to carry out an extensive study of the endogamous populations of the region to unravel many facts and find links in the peopling of India.

Ponderomotive and resonant effects in the acceleration of particles by electromagnetic modes

“…Even if one increases both amplitudes, keeping the two of them unequal with f ̸ = 1 limits the maximum velocity. On the other hand, when f = 1 the maximum, velocity can be as close to c as one wishes, all depending on the choice of the proper common mode amplitudes, whose extended range seen in the figure is compatible with the intensities generated in current petawatt and future exawatt highfrequency lasers [24] and self-focused infrared lasers of relativistically high intensities [25]. Color graded map for Gv π in terms of laser and wiggler amplitudes.…”

Review: Understanding Rare Genetic Diseases in Low Resource Regions Like Jammu and Kashmir – India

“…The region is being bordered by countries such as Pakistan in the west, Afghanistan in the north-west and China in the north-east (Bhasin and Nag, 2002a). Topographically, J&K is divided into three main isolated divisions, namely Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh (Sharma et al, 2018). The region is characterized by tough mountainous terrains that have rendered geographical isolation of its heterogeneous population.…”

“…According to the Population Census of India -2011, Muslims (68.31%) constitute the major inhabiting population strata in J&K, followed by Hindus (28.44%), Sikhs (1.87%), Christians (0.28%), Jains (0.02%) and others (0.17%). The contemporary population of J&K speaks languages belonging to three different linguistic families -the Indo-European, Tibeto-Burman (in Ladakh) and various dialect of Dardic (in Kashmir) from Indo-Aryan language group (Sharma et al, 2018). These population groups usually reside in small, geographically and socially isolated pockets since many centuries and are variably reinforced by their societal or religious customs to practice endogamy or consanguinity.…”

“…The population stratification of J&K holds a high significance in the historical, religious, socio-cultural and linguistic diversification of the Indian population. It has been suggested that various pre-historic and historic events of migrations and immigrations toward the Indian sub-continent have occurred through J&K along the north-eastern and north-western routes (Bhasin and Nag, 2002a;Pandith et al, 2015;Sharma et al, 2018). Intense endogamy within the population groups of J&K has resulted in restricted gene flow and genetic isolation for several centuries, thus, making them unique in terms of their gene pool and disease heritage.…”

MassARRAY-based single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in breast cancer of North Indian Population.

“…Variations with an allelic frequency greater than 5% in Gujarati Indians from Houston (GIH) and Western European Ancestry (CEU) as it has been observed that genetic makeup of the studied population is similar to Europeans (16). The studied genes and variants with their putative role and annotations are summarized in the Table S3.…”