Anger and Associated Experiences of Sadness, Fear, Valence, Arousal, and Dominance Evoked by Visual Scenes

Abstract

Summary,-Anger is a basic emotion experienced in several aversive situations, In this study, the relation between Anger, Fear, and Sadness, as well as the dimensions of Valen ce, Arousal, and Dominance, were examined. It was hypothesized that pictures showing an Intention to Harm would evoke not only Anger, but also Fear and Sadness, and that this would be correlated with low Valen ce, high Arousal, and high Dominance. To this end, 45 healthy volunteers (25 women and 20 men; M age=272 yr" SD = 9.5) recorded appraisals for each of these emotional experience while viewing 120 pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System, Data were analyzed with a linear mixed model and a hierarchical classes approach to identify differences and corrclations between emotional categories. Results indicate that those pictures showing Intention to Harm generate higher Anger and Fear, while pictures representing Frustration of Goals leads to higher Sadness, In addition, high Anger, Fear, and Sadness are associated with low Valence, moderate Arousal, and high Dominance, These findings suggest that the experience of Anger requires the inference of the other' s mental and physical state and need the regulation of cognitive and affective systems acting together. The study of this emotion should consider both categorical and dimensional approaches in order to define its coherent features, Darwin's thesis about the innate component oE emotional expressions (1872/1988) has served to sustain the concept of emotion inside evolutionary mechanisms that aid an organism to alternate motivational systems and regulate environmental cues (Plutchik, 1980), Considering emotional expressions 'Addresss correspondence to Dr. J. Martín Ramírez,

Characterization of the Nencki Affective Picture System by discrete emotional categories (NAPS BE)

“…What can be considered a particularity of the NAPS BE dataset is the fact that sadness is related not only to low arousal. As has been stated in literature (Javela, Mercadillo, & Martín Ramírez, 2008 ), the definition of the elements and particular elicitors of one emotion becomes difficult when one considers that individuals could experience many negative emotions when being confronted with a certain unpleasant stimulus (Mikels et al, 2005 ), such as a visual scene (Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, & Lang, 2001 ; Bradley, Codispoti, Sabatinelli, & Lang, 2001 ). Considering that the experiences of anger, fear, and sadness elicit similar electromyographic activity (Hu & Wan, 2003 ), it may be argued that these emotions are related to similar levels of arousal.…”

Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Middle Line Power Difference in Discrete Emotions

“…Recently, researchers have tried to represent different discrete basic emotions using a dimensional pattern to integrate these two models (Mauss and Robinson, 2009 ; Hamann, 2012 ; Hu et al, 2017 ; Liu et al, 2017 ). Accordingly, both anger and fear can be described as “negative valence” and “high arousal, ” whereas satisfied can be characterized as “positive valence” and “low arousal” (see Figure 1 ; Javela et al, 2008 ; Barrett, 2012 ; Lindquist et al, 2012 ).…”

Aware and tuned to care: Children with better distress recognition and higher sympathy anticipate more guilt after harming others

“…Guilt often revolves around actions that intend harm. Intention to harm reliably elicits fear and anger, but not sadness (Javela, Mercadillo, & Ramírez, ). Even relative to anger, fear is a more common response to imminent threat and shows strong phylogenetic continuity in that humans and nonhumans respond similarly to fearful stimuli (Adolphs, ).…”